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HISTOLOGY > Hemopoiesis > Flashcards

Hemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Hemopoiesis aka as

A

Hematopoiesis

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2
Q

RBC production

A

Erythropoiesis

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3
Q

WBC production

A

Leukopoiesis

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4
Q

Hemopoiesis talks about how:

A

✓ blood cells are formed in the body
✓ how they mature
✓ what are the precursor cells needed for
differentiation

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5
Q

is initiated in early embryonic development

A

Hemopoiesis

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6
Q

3RD WEEK OF GESTATION:

A

Yolk Sac Phase

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7
Q

Hematopoietic cells are generated in: the Yolk Sac as blood islands (cell aggregates) in the

A

3rd week of gestation

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8
Q

are the first blood cells formed during the first 2 to 8 weeks of life

A

Primitive RBC (Erythroblasts)

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9
Q

2ND MONTH – 5TH MONTH OF GESTATION

A

Hepatic Phase

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10
Q

By the second month to fifth month of gestation, the ______ becomes the major site of hematopoiesis

A

liver

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11
Q

have made their initial appearance in the second month to fifth month of gestation

A

Granular Leukocytes (NEB)

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12
Q

In the ________________, the bone marrow begins to function in the production of blood cells

A

fourth month of gestation

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13
Q

After _________, the function of liver and spleen in production of blood cell declines and the bone marrow assumes the role of hemopoiesis

A

7-9 months

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14
Q

5TH FETAL MONTH:

A

Medullary Hematopoiesis

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15
Q

After the fifth fetal month, the bone marrow begins to assume its ultimate role as the

A

primary site of hematopoiesis

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16
Q

Hematopoiesis outside the bone marrow is called

A

Extra-medullary hematopoiesis

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17
Q

Hematopoiesis in the bone marrow

A

Medullary Hematopoiesis

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18
Q

AFTER BIRTH
* The bone marrow will assume the function of hemopoiesis:

A

✓ Vertebrae
✓ Sternum
✓ Ribs
✓ Femur – stops at age of 25
✓ Tibia – stops at age of 20

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19
Q

As we age, we will have a declining hemopoiesis in

A

ribs, sternum and vertebrae

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20
Q

are involved in differentiation and proliferation for maturation.

A

Growth Factors

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21
Q

trigger maturation of cells into its mature form

promote differentiation and proliferation of cells to become their mature counterparts.

A

Growth Factors

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22
Q

States that our blood cells came from a single type stem cell which is the hematopoietic stem cell.

A

Monophyletic Theory

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23
Q

The hematopoietic stem cell (Pluripotent Stem Cells) can differentiate to be become either a

A

Myeloid Stem Cell or a Lymphoid Stem Cell

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24
Q

can become RBC, Platelets, Granulocytes, and Monocytes

A

Myeloid Stem Cells

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25
Q

can become Beta-Lymphoblast or T-Lymphoblast that will give rise to T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte

A

Lymphoid Stem Cell

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26
Q

Maturation is affected by the different GROWTH FACTORS:

A
  1. Erythropoietin = erythrocyte
  2. Thrombopoietin = platelets
  3. Colony stimulating factors (GM-CSF)
    ▪ Granulocyte CSF = eosinophil. Basophil, neutrophil
    ▪ Monocyte CSF = monocyte
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27
Q
  • Bone marrow stem cell believed to be where all blood cells arise
A

Pluripotent Stem Cells

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28
Q
  • Can produce all blood cell types
  • Proliferate and form two major cell lineages:
A

Pluripotent Stem Cell

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29
Q

two major cell lineages:

A

✓ lymphoid cells (B and T lymphocyte)
✓ myeloid cells (RBCs, platelets, granulocytes,
Monocytes)

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30
Q

daughter cells with restricted potentials that came from myeloid stem cells

A

Progenitor Cells or Colony forming Units (CFUs)

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31
Q

FOUR TYPES OF PROGENITORS/CFUS

A

Myeloid stem cell gives rise to:
1. CFU-erythrocytes (CFU-E) = ERYTHROCYTE
2. CFU-megakaryocytes (CFU-Meg) = PLATELET
3. CFU-granulocytes-monocytes (CFU-GM) = BEN & MONOCYTES

Lymphoid stem cell gives rise to:
4. CFU-lymphocytes of all types (CFU-L) = T & B LYMPHOCYTE

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32
Q

✓ Increased Potentiality (has increased potential to become
any of the progenitor cell depending on the demand of
body)
✓ Decreased Mitotic Activity
✓ Increased Self-Renewing Capacity
✓ Decreased susceptibility to Growth Factors

A

STEM CELLS

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33
Q

✓ Decreased Potentiality
✓ Increased Mitotic Activity (has the ability to
proliferate)
✓ Decreased Self-Renewing Capacity
✓ Highly Influenced by Growth Factors

A

PROGENITOR CELLS

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34
Q

✓ Increased Mitotic Activity
✓ Highly Influenced by Growth Factors

A

PRECURSOR CELLS (blast cells/young cells)

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35
Q

✓ Typical Morphologic Characteristics
✓ Differentiated Functional Activity

A

MATURE CELLS

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36
Q
  • also called as hematopoietins (poietins)
  • highly influences the progenitor and precursor cells
A

Hemopoietic Growth Factors (CSF)

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37
Q

Hemopoietic Growth Factors (CSF) has overlapping FUNCTIONS in:

A

✓ Stimulating Proliferation (mitogenic activity) of immature (mostly progenitor and precursor) cells
✓ Supporting Differentiation of maturing cells
✓ Enhancing The Functions of mature cells

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38
Q

Given to patients with low blood cell count (Patients undergoing chemotherapy and those who have malignancy) or patients who are immunocompromised

A

HEMOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS

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39
Q

TWO TYPES OF BONE MARROW:

A

RED and YELLOW bone marrow

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40
Q
  • blood-forming red bone marrow
A

Red bone marrow

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41
Q

filled with adipocytes
→ Can revert back to red bone marrow when needed

A

Yellow bone marrow

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42
Q

In the newborn, ________________________________________ in blood cell production

A

all bone marrow is red and active

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43
Q

As we age, other areas like in __________________________ will have a decreased activity of blood cell production

A

vertebrae, sternum, rib, femur, and tibia

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44
Q

In conditions like ____________________, where there is demand for more red blood cells, yellow marrow reverts to red

A

severe bleeding or hypoxia

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45
Q

Components of the Red Bone Marrow

A

Stroma
Hemopoietic cords
Sinusoidal capillaries
Matrix of bone marrow (collagen type 1, proteoglycans, fibronectin, and laminin)

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46
Q

→ Meshwork of reticular or adventitial cells and a delicate web of reticular fibers supporting hemopoietic cells and macrophages

A

Stroma

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47
Q

island of cells (blood islands)

A

Hemopoietic cords

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48
Q

→ This is where blood exits if they are already mature

A

Sinusoidal capillaries

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49
Q

Matrix of bone marrow also contains:

A

collagen type I, proteoglycans, fibronectin, and laminin

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50
Q

stabilizes the cell attached to the marrow

51
Q

In certain abnormal circumstances, the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes revert back to producing immature blood cells

There is resulting

A

splenomegaly and hepatomegaly

52
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

When the bone marrow becomes dysfunctional in cases such as

A

aplastic anemia, infiltration by malignant cells, or over proliferation of cell line (e.g., leukemia)

53
Q

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

When the bone marrow is unable to meet the demands placed on it, as in the

A

hemolytic anemias

54
Q

→ specialized niches in which erythroid
precursors proliferate, differentiate, and enucleate (expel nucleus)

A

Erythropoietic Islands

55
Q

Erythroid cells account for ___% - ____ % of nucleated cells in normal bone.

56
Q

MATURATION SERIES (RBC)

A
  1. Proerythroblast (Rubriblast)
  2. Basophilic Erythroblast (Prorubricyte)
  3. Polychromatophilic Erythroblast (Rubricyte)
  4. Orthochromatophilic Erythroblast (Metarubricyte)
  5. Reticulocyte (Polychromatophilic Erythrocyte)
  6. Erythrocyte
57
Q

As nucleus is expelled, the capacity of the erythrocyte to carry hemoglobin ____________ (thus it is important to expel the nucleus)

58
Q

▪ First recognizable cell in the erythroid series
▪ a large cell with loose, lacy chromatin, nucleoli, and basophilic cytoplasm

A

Proerythroblast

59
Q

▪ With more strongly basophilic cytoplasm and a condensed nucleus with no visible nucleolus.
▪ Basophilia of these two cell types is caused by the large number of polyribosomes synthesizing hemoglobin

A

Basophilic Erythroblast

60
Q

▪ cell volume is reduced
▪ show regions of both basophilia and acidophilia in the cell
▪ Heterochromatin granules form a checkerboard pattern

A

Polychromatophilic Erythroblast

61
Q

▪ After the last mitosis, the nucleus becomes small and dense (pyknotic), and the ___________________ stage is reached
▪ mitosis is no longer possible

A

Orthochromatophilic Erythroblast

62
Q

▪ smaller than the polychromatophilic erythroblast

▪ contains more abundant hemoglobin and fewer polyribosomes and remains slightly polychromatophilic

A

Orthochromatophilic Erythroblast

63
Q

▪ the nucleus and a small rim of cytoplasm are ejected from the orthochromatophilic erythroblast
▪ On air-dried films with Romanowsky-type stains, the reticulocyte is polychromatophilic as a result of the retention of RNA in reticulocytes

A

Polychromatophilic Erythrocyte / Reticulocyte

64
Q

Reticulocyte constitute __% - ___% of the the total RBC count, lose the polyribosomes and quickly mature as erythrocytes

65
Q

Reticulocyte matures to form

A

Erythrocyte

66
Q
  • formation of BEN (basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil)
A

Granulopoiesis

67
Q
  • Myeloid cells account for __% - __% of the nucleated cells in normal bone marrow
A

23% to 85%

68
Q

(MYELOID) Early cells are located in the

A

cords and around the bone trabeculae

69
Q

Neutrophils in the bone marrow reside in the:

A

✓ Proliferating Pool - where cells spend an average of 3 to 6 days and released in:
✓ Maturation Storage Pool

70
Q

If needed, cells from the storage pool can exit into the circulation rapidly and will have an average life span of ________ hours

If there is an infection, cells from storage pools are ______

A

6 to 10 hours; released

71
Q

MATURATION SERIES (GRANULOPOIESIS)

A

Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte

72
Q

– no cytoplasmic granule

A

Myeloblast

73
Q

– first azurophilic granules being secreted in Golgi apparatus

A

Promyelocyte

74
Q

moderate number of azurophilic granules and initial production of specific granules in Golgi zone

75
Q

abundant specific granules and dispersed azurophilic granules; Golgi apparatus reduced

A

Metamyelocyte

76
Q

▪ most immature recognizable cell
▪ has finely dispersed chromatin, and faint nucleoli
▪ can be seen in bone marrow

A

Myeloblast

77
Q

▪ characterized by its basophilic cytoplasm and azurophilic granules containing lysosomal enzymes and myeloperoxidase
▪ produce lineages for the three types of granulocytes

A

Promyelocyte

78
Q

▪ with gradual increase of specific granules

A

Myelocytes

79
Q

▪ specific granules eventually occupy most of the cytoplasm
▪ mature with further condensations of the nuclei

A

Metamyelocyte

80
Q

▪ stage at which granulocytes are clearly identified if it is eosinophil, basophil or neutrophil

A

Metamyelocyte

81
Q

▪ Mature basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil

A

Mature Granulocyre

82
Q

cells that are capable of undergoing mitosis

A

Granulopoietic compartment

83
Q

acts as a buffer system (releases cells when needed)

A

Storage compartment

84
Q

FUNCTIONAL COMPARTMENTS OF NEUTROPHILS in Bone Marrow

A

Granulopoietic and Storage Compartment

85
Q

FUNCTIONAL COMPARTMENTS OF NEUTROPHILS inBlood

A

Circulating cells
Marginating Cells

86
Q

they circulate throughout the blood

A

Circulating cells

87
Q

they try to adhere to endothelial cells

A

Marginating cells

88
Q

(TRUE OR FALSE)
Increase in the number of neutrophils in the circulation, does not necessarily imply an increase in neutrophil production

89
Q

▪ can cause neutrophils in the marginating compartment to move into the circulating compartment
▪ those cells attached to endothelial cells detach and move to the circulation = increase in neutrophil count

A

INTENSE MUSCULAR ACTIVITY OR THE
ADMINISTRATION OF EPINEPHRINE

90
Q

▪ increase the mitotic activity of neutrophil precursors in the marrow

A

ADMINISTRATION OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS (ADRENAL GLAND HORMONES)

91
Q

▪ is due to an increase in production of neutrophils and shorter duration cells in the medullary storage compartment

A

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS NEUTROPHILIA

92
Q

▪ Immature cells may appear in the bloodstream
→ Examples are band neutrophils

A

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS NEUTROPHILIA

93
Q
  • Formation of monocytes
A

Monocytopoiesis

94
Q

MATURATION SERIES (Monocytopoiesis)

A

Monoblast
Promonocyte
Monocyte

95
Q

▪ is a committed progenitor cell
▪ identical to the myeloblast in its morphologic
characteristics

96
Q

▪ a large cell (up to 18 m in diameter) with basophilic cytoplasm and a large, slightly indented nucleus
▪ chromatin is lacy and nucleoli are evident
▪ divide twice as they develop into monocytes

A

Promonocyte

97
Q

▪ rich in RER, has extensive Golgi apparatus in which granule condensation occurs
▪ no specific granule, only azurophilic granule

98
Q

observed as fine azurophilic granules in blood monocytes
– function for several months as macrophages as they enter tissues

A

Primary Lysosomes

99
Q

LYMPHOPOIESIS
* arose from

A

Lymphoid Stem Cell

100
Q

lymphocytes and plasma cells are produced in

A

lymphoid follicles

101
Q

Lymphoid cells typically account for __% - __% of the nucleated cells in the normal bone marrow

102
Q

all lymphocyte progenitor cells originate in the

A

bone marrow

103
Q

Circulating lymphocytes originate mainly in the:

A

✓ Thymus (t-lymphocytes)
✓ peripheral lymphoid organs (B-lymphocytes)
→ from the word “bursa”

104
Q

MATURATION SERIES (Lymphopoiesis)

A

Lymphoblast
Prolymphocytes
Lymphocytes (T-Lymphocyte or B-Lymphocyte)

105
Q

▪ the first identifiable progenitor of lymphoid cells
▪ divides two or three times

A

Lymphoblast

106
Q

▪ are smaller and have relatively more condensed chromatin but none of the cell-surface antigens that mark T or B lymphocytes.

A

Prolymphocytes

107
Q

▪ acquire their full attributes in the thymus
▪ mature in thymus
▪ predominant lymphocyte in the lymphoid organs

A

T-Lymphocyte

108
Q

▪ lymphocytes that have differentiated in the bone marrow
▪ acquire their full attributes in the bursa
▪ migrate to peripheral lymphoid organs, where they inhabit and multiply in their own special compartments

A

B-Lymphocyte

109
Q

To distinguished this two (T-Lymphocyte or B-Lymphocyte), _________________________________________ are required.

Cluster differentiation markers are present

A

(T-Lymphocyte or B-Lymphocyte)

110
Q
  • are malignant clones of leukocyte precursors
  • blast cells became malignant or tumor cells
111
Q

General groups of leukemias:

A

Lymphocytic leukemias
Myelogenous and Monocytic leukemias

112
Q

→ involves blast cell of lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytic leukemias

113
Q

→ Involve blast cells of BEN or monocytes

A

Myelogenous and Monocytic leukemias

114
Q
  • shift in cell proliferation
  • patient with leukemia is usually ________________________ because WBCs in the circulation are the blast cells.
A

anemic and prone to infection

115
Q

Clinical technique used in the study of leukemias

A

BONE MARROW ASPIRATION

116
Q

specific to membrane proteins of precursor blood cells aids in identifying cell types derived from these stem cells

A

labeled monoclonal antibodies

117
Q
  • Also known as thrombocytopoiesis
  • Platelet production
A

Megakaryopoiesis

118
Q

MATURATION SERIES (Megakaryopoiesis)

A

Megakaryoblast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryocyte
Platelet

119
Q

▪ are the largest cells found in the bone marrow
▪ Protrude through the vascular wall as small cytoplasmic processes to deliver platelets into the sinusoidal blood

A

Megakaryocytes

120
Q

Megakaryocytes develop into platelets in approximately

121
Q

▪ Metabolically active cell fragments.
▪ cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes

A

Mature platelets

122
Q

▪ These anuclear cells circulate in the peripheral blood after being produced from the cytoplasm of bone marrow megakaryocytes
▪ Appear as aggregates in blood smear.

A

Mature platelets

123
Q
  • Disease characterized by decreased number of platelets
  • Indicating a defect in the liberation mechanism of these corpuscles
A

THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA

124
Q
  • Life span of platelets: 9 days
  • Excessive bleeding is expected when there is wound
A

THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA

HISTOLOGY (14 decks)

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