Blood Flashcards
1
Q
a specialized connective tissue
A
Blood
2
Q
Components of Blood
A
Plasma
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
3
Q
Functions of blood
A
- delivery of nutrients and oxygen
- transport of wastes and carbon dioxide away from
cells - delivery of hormones and other regulatory substances to and from cells and tissues
- maintenance of homeostasis by acting as a buffer
and participating in coagulation and
thermoregulation - transport of humoral agents and cells of the
immune system
4
Q
yellowish translucent, slightly viscous supernatant
55% at the top half of the centrifugation tube
A
Plasma
5
Q
white or grayish thin layer between the plasma
and the hematocrit consisting of leukocytes and platelets
about 1% of the volume
A
Buffy coat
6
Q
erythrocytes make up the bottom layer and their
volume
A
Hematocrit
7
Q
– normally about 45% of the total blood volume in healthy
adults
A
Hematocrit
8
Q
a yellowish liquid formed when
plasma proteins react together
A
Serum
9
Q
– contains growth factors and other proteins
released from platelets during clot formation
A
Serum
10
Q
Clotting in collected blood is prevented by the
addition of _________
A
Anticoagulants
11
Q
an aqueous solution, pH 7.4, containing
substances of low or high molecular weight that make
up 8–10% of its volume
A
Plasma
12
Q
account for approximately 7% of the
dissolved components
A
Plasma proteins
13
Q
The composition of plasma is usually an indicator of
the mean composition of the _______
A
extracellular fluids in
tissues
14
Q
(Major Plasma Proteins)
most abundant plasma protein
A
Albumin
15
Q
is made in the liver and serves primarily in
maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood
A
Albumin
16
Q
acts as carrier protein; binding hormones, drugs,
and metabolites
A
Albumin
17
Q
Made by liver and other cells
A
Alpha- and beta globulins
18
Q
Include transport proteins; fibronectin; prothrombin and other coagulation factors ; lipoproteins and other proteins entering blood from tissues
A
Alpha- and beta globulins
19
Q
Are immunoglobulins (antibodies) secreted by lymphocytes in many locations
A
Gamma- globulins
20
Q
A system of factors important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms
A
Complement proteins
21
Q
The largest plasma protein (340kd), also made in the liver, which during clotting polymerizes as insoluble, cross- linked fibers which block blood loss from small vessels
A
Fibrinogen
22
Q
Biconcave discs that lack nuclei
A
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
23
Q
Biconcave shape provides _________ and ______
A
Large surface-to-volume ratio
Facilitates gas exchange
24
Q
Packed with the 02- carrying protein hemoglobin
A
Erythrocytes
25
Erythrocytes are quite flexible, which permits them to ________, assuming a _______
Adapt to the irregular bends and small diameters of capillaries
Cuplike -shape
26
What do erythrocytes look like in TEM?
Contents appear as dense, fine granular material
27
The shape of the erythrocyte is maintained by________
Two functionally significant groups of membrane proteins
28
Integral membrane proteins
Glycophorin C
Band 3 protein
29
Attaches the underlying cytoskeletal protein network to the cell membrane
Glycophorin C
30
Binds hemoglobin and acts as an additional anchoring site for the cytoskeletal proteins
Band 3 protein
31
The extra cellular domains of these proteins are glycosylated and express blood group antigens
Integral membrane proteins
32
Are organized into a two-dimensional lattice network that laminates the inner layer of the membrane
Peripheral membrane proteins
33
Peripheral membrane proteins are composed of-----
Spectrin tetramers
Actin
Band 4.1 protein
Band 4.9 protein
Adducin
Tropomyosin
34
Peripheral membrane proteins are anchored to the lipid bilayer by the globular protein _____, which interacts with band 4.2 proteins as well as with band 3 integral membrane protein
Ankyrin
35
Any defect in the expression of genes that encode the different cytoskeleton proteins can result in ————
Abnormally shaped and fragile erythrocytes
36
Defect in the expression of genes in erythrocytes examples
Hereditary spherocytosis
Hereditary elliptocytosis
37
It is caused by a primary defect spectrin in gene expression
Hereditary spherocytosis
38
Is caused by a deficiency in band 4.1 proteins
Hereditary elliptocytosis
39
Decreased number of erythrocytes in the blood
Anemia
40
Increased number of erythrocytes
It may be physiologic adaptation
It is associated with disease
Erythrocytosis / polycytemia
41
Abnormal erythrocytes with diameters >9um
Macrocytes
42
Abnormal erythrocytes with diameters < 6 um
Microcytes
43
Presence of a high percentage of erythrocytes with great variations in size
Anisocytosis
44
Variation in shape is called ------
Poikilocytosis
45
Oval, pear-shaped,teardrop-shaped,saddle-shaped,helmet- shaped, and irregularly shapedcells may be seen in a single case of
Anemia such as megaloblastic anemia
46
It is densely filled with hemoglobin, the tetrameric O2 - carrying protein that accounts for the cell's uniform acidophilia
Erythrocyte cytoplasm
47
Hemoglobin with CO2
Carbaminohemoglobin
48
Combination of hemoglobin with carbon monoxide is -----
- reducing the cells' capacity to transport O2
Irreversible
49
Is a pathologic condition characterized by blood concentrations of hemoglobin below normal values
Anemia
50
Anemia is associated with
- With a decreased number of erythrocytes
- reduced amount of hemoglobin chypchromic
51
Anemia causes:
- Caused by loss of blood Or hemorrhage
- insufficient production of erythrocytes by the bone marrow
- production of erythrocytes with insufficient hemoglobin
- accelerated destruction of blood cells
52
WBC migrate to the ----- where they become functional and perform various activities
Tissues
53
Groups of leukocytes:
- Polymorphonuclear granulocytes
- mononuclear agranulocytes
54
Both types are spherical while suspended in blood plasma, but become ameboid and motile after leaving the blood vessels and invading the tissues.
Leukocytes
55
Two types of granules (granulocytes)
Specific granules
Azurophilic granules
56
Bind neutral, basic, or acidic stains
Specific granules
57
Specialized lysosome
Azurophilic granules (primary)
58
It generates hypochlorite and other reactive agents toxic to bacteria
Myeloperoxidase
59
Bind and produce holes in cell membranes or microorganisms
Defensins
60
Dissolves bacterial cell wall components
Lysozyme
61
Phosphates and metalloproteinases
Tertiary granules
62
(Neutrophils)
Percentage of circulating Leukocytes
60 - 70 %
63
( Neutrophils)
______ um in diameter in blood smears, with nuclei haying 2-5 lobes linked by thin nuclear extensions
12-15 um
64
(Neutrophils)
_____ while circulating but become______ during diapedesis upon adhering to sold substrates such as collagen in the ECM
Inactive and spherical
Actively ameboid
65
First leukocytes to arrive at sites of infection
Neutrophils
66
non-segmented nucleus of immature neutrophils that have recently entered the blood circulation
horseshoe (band forms)
67
An increased number of band neutrophils in
the blood indicates a higher production of
neutrophils, probably in response to a ______
bacterial infection
68
Neutrophils are active phagocytes that utilize a _______ to recognize bacteria
and other infectious agents at the site of
inflammation
variety of surface receptors
69
bind to the exposed Fc region of IgG
antibodies that coat bacterial surfaces
Fc receptors
70
facilitate binding and
uptake of immune complexes that are opsonized by
active C3b protein
Complement receptors (CRs)
71
transmembrane glycoproteins that bind to modified forms of LDLs,polyanionic molecules that are often on the surfaceof bacteria and apoptotic bodies
Scavenger receptors (SRs)
72
receptors that recognize pathogenic
molecules such as endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides,
peptidoglycanes, and lipoteichoic acids that are
arranged in predictable pathogen-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Toll-like receptors or pattern recognition receptors
(PRRs),
73
2–4% of leukocytes in
normal blood
Eosinophil
74
Has characteristic bilobed nucleus
Eosinophil
75
The main identifying
characteristic of eosinophil
the
abundance of large, red
specific granules (about 200
per cell)
76
increase in the number of eosinophils in blood
Eosinophilia
77
associated with allergic reactions and helminthic
(parasitic) infections
Eosinophilia
78
about 12–15 um in diameter
< 1% of blood leukocytes
Basophils
79
nucleus is divided into two or more irregular lobes
Basophil
80
has large specific granules which obscure the nucleus
Basophil
81
Basophils may supplement the functions of _____
Mast cells
82
Both basophils and mast cells have
metachromatic granules _______ bound to surface
receptors, and secrete their granular
components in response to certain antigens
containing heparin
and histamine, have IgE
83
Agranulocytes:
lymphocytes and monocytes
84
do not have specific granules, but they do
contain azurophilic granules (lysosomes)
agranulocytes
85
nucleus is round or indented
agranulocytes
86
constitute a family of
leukocytes with spherical
nuclei
lymphocytes
87
only type of leukocytes that
can return from the tissues
back to the blood
lymphocytes
88
Lymphocytes can be subdivided into
functional groups, what are they?
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
natural killer (NK) cells
89
have a long life span and are involved in
cell-mediated immunity
T cells
90
(T cells)
specific markers
CD4 and CD8
91
have variable life spans and are involved in
the production of circulating antibodies
B cells
92
(B cells)
specific markers
CD9
CD19
CD20
CD24
93
are programmed during their development to kill certain virus-infected cells
and some types of tumor cells
NK cells
94
NK cells specific markers
CD16
CD56
CD94
95
are bone marrow–derived agranulocytes with diameters varying from 12
to 20 um
monocytes
96
nucleus is large, off-center,
and may be oval, kidney-shaped, or distinctly U-shaped
monocytes
97
stains lighter than that of
large lymphocytes
monocytes
98
nonnucleated, disklike cell
fragments 2–4 um in diameter
Platelets
99
promote blood clotting
and help repair minor tears or leaks in the walls of blood vessels, preventing loss of blood
Platelets
100
life span of platelets
10 days
101
In stained blood smears,
platelets often appear in ____
clumps
102
Disruptions in the microvascular endothelium, which are common, allow platelet aggregation to collagen via collagen-binding protein in the platelet membrane. Thus, a platelet plug is formed as a first step to stop bleeding
Primary aggregation
103
Platelets in the plug release an adhesive glycoprotein and ADP, both of which are potent inducers of platelet aggregation, increasing the size of the platelet plug
Secondary aggregation
104
During platelet aggregation,
fibrinogen from plasma, von Willebrand factor and
others from damaged endothelium, and various
factors from platelets promote the sequential
interaction (cascade) of plasma proteins, giving rise
to a fibrin polymer that forms a three-dimensional
network of fibers trapping red blood cells and more
platelets to form a blood clot, or thrombus
Blood coagulation
105
other term for bloot clot
thrombus
106
The clot that initially bulges
into the blood vessel lumen contracts slightly
because of the interaction of platelet actin
and myosin.
Clot retraction
107
Protected by the clot, the vessel wall is restored by new tissue, and the clot is
then removed, mainly by the proteolytic enzyme plasmin.
Clot removal
108
disease due to sex-linked recessive inherited disorders.
Hemophilia
109
is deficient in clotting factor VIII or
contains a defective factor VIII, one of the plasma
proteins involved in fibrin generation
Hemophilia A
110
the defect is in factor IX
Hemophilia B
