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HISTOLOGY > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE GENERAL TYPES

A

EMBRYONIC
ADULT

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2
Q

EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE types

A

Mesenchyme
Mucous tissue

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3
Q

ADULT CONNECTIVE TISSUE types

A

Ordinary/ Connective Tissue Proper
Specialized Connective Tissue

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4
Q

Ordinary/ Connective Tissue Proper types

A

Loose Connective Tissue
Dense Connective tissue (regular/ irregular)

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5
Q

Specialized Connective Tissue types

A

Cartilage
Bone
Blood
hematopoietic tissue`

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6
Q

COMPONENTS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

cells
fibers
ground substance

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7
Q

Major constituent of connective tissue is the

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)
made of: Protein fibers Ground substances

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8
Q

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) protein fibers

A

collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers

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9
Q

ECM Ground substance is a highly hydrophilic, viscous complex of

A

anionic macromolecules
Multiadhesive glycoproteins

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10
Q

anionic macromolecules in ecm

A

(glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans)

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11
Q

Multiadhesive glycoproteins in ecm

A

(laminin, fibronectin, and others)

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12
Q

FUNCTIONS if connective tissue

A

SUPPORT AND PACKAGING
STORAGE
TRANSPORT
DEFENSE
REPAIR

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13
Q

SUPPORT AND PACKAGING example

A

Tendons, ligaments, areolar tissue
Bone and cartilage

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14
Q

STORAGE tissue examples

A

Lipids are stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE stores water and electrolytes

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15
Q

serves as the medium through which nutrients and metabolic wastes are exchanged between cells and their nourishing blood supply

A

connective tissue matrix

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16
Q

DEFENSE EXAMPLE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

▪ Related to its content of phagocytic (macrophage) and antibody producing cells (plasma cells).

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17
Q

CELL TYPES

A

WANDERING OR MOBILE CELLS
FIXED CELLS

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18
Q

Permanent resident population
▪ Responsible for production and maintenance of extracellular components
▪ Storage for reserve fuel (fibroblasts, fat cells, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, reticular cells)

A

FIXED CELLS

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19
Q

Transient emigrants from the bloodstream
▪ Concerned with the short term tissue reaction in injury

A

WANDERING OR MOBILE CELLS

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20
Q

WANDERING OR MOBILE CELLS EXAMPLES

A

(neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, mast cells, plasma cells, macrophages)

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21
Q

Embryonic tissue where all types of connective tissues originate

A

MESENCHYME

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22
Q

Formed by elongated undifferentiated cells that are characterized by oval nuclei with prominent nucleoli and fine chromatin

A

MESENCHYME

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23
Q

______________ develops mainly from the middle layer of the embryo, the ________

A

MESENCHYME; mesoderm

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24
Q

Develops into other types of structures, such as blood cells, endothelial cells, and muscle cells.

A

MESENCHYME

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25
Q

CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

Fibroblast
▪ Adipocytes
▪ Macrophages and the Mononuclear Phagocyte System
▪ Mast Cells
▪ Plasma Cells
▪ Leukocytes

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26
Q

Originate locally from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and spend all their life in connective tissue

A

FIBROBLASTS

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27
Q

Synthesize collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and multiadhesive glycoproteins

A

FIBROBLASTS

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28
Q

are the most common cells in connective tissue

A

FIBROBLASTS

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29
Q

typically show large active nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm tapering off in both directions along the axis of the nucleus, a morphology usually called “spindle-shaped

A

FIBROBLASTS

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30
Q

Two stages of activity of fibroblasts

A

Active (fibroblast)
Quiescent (fibrocyte)

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31
Q

are large cells with large, euchromatic nuclei and basophilic cytoplasm (fibroblasts)

A

ACTIVE FIBROBLASTS

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32
Q

are smaller with less prominent, heterochromatic nuclei

A

INACTIVE FIBROBLAST or fibrocytes

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33
Q

Also known as fat cells

A

ADIPOCYTES

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34
Q

Connective tissue cells that have become specialized for storage of neutral fats or for the production of heat.

A

ADIPOCYTES

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35
Q

Connective tissue cells Incapable of mitotic division

A

ADIPOCYTES

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36
Q

ADIPOCYTES Can be stained with

A

osmic acid

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37
Q

ADIPOCYTES FUNCTIONS:

A

Storage of neutral fats or for the production of heat

key regulators of the body’s energy metabolism

Shock absorbers

As insulators

For protecting organs in the form of soft, elastic pad

For aesthetic purposes

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38
Q

TWO TYPES OF ADIPOSE TISSUE

A

White adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue

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39
Q

the more common type
▪ composed of cells that, when completely developed, contain one large central droplet of whitish- yellow fat in their cytoplasm

A

White adipose tissue

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40
Q

▪ Contains cells with multiple lipid droplets interspersed among abundant mitochondria, which give these cells the darker appearance.
▪ has a much more limited distribution

A

Brown adipose tissue

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41
Q

o originate from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
o are transient cells of most connective tissues
o also originate in the bone marrow and move to the connective tissue where they reside for a few days
o usually die by apoptosis

A

MAST CELLS, MACROPHAGES, AND PLASMA CELLS

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42
Q

were discovered and initially characterized by their phagocytic ability

A

Macrophages

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43
Q

Macrophages in EM are characterized by

A

an irregular surface with pleats, protrusions, and indentations
Generally have a well-developed Golgi apparatus, many lysosomes, and rough ER

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44
Q

MACROPHAGES AND THE MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS:

A

o Important agents of defense
o Act as scavengers because of their mobility and phagocytic activity, engulfing extravasated blood cells, bacteria, foreign bodies and dead cells.
o Play a fundamental role in the development of immunity

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45
Q

Macrophages are Referred to as ________ once the phagocytosed particle, enclosed within the invaginated cell membrane.

A

phagosome

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46
Q

o macrophages that are stimulated
o change their morphological characteristics and metabolism

A

ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES

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47
Q

o has an increase in capacity for phagocytosis and intracellular digestion
o exhibit enhanced metabolic and lysosomal enzyme activity

A

ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES

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48
Q

Kupffer cells location and main function

A

Liver

Same as macrophages

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49
Q

Microglia cells cells location and main function

A

Nerve Tissue of the CNS

same as macrophages

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50
Q

Langerhans Cell cells location and main function

A

Skin

Antigen processing and presentation

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51
Q

Dentritic cells location and main function

A

Lymph nodes

Antigen processing and presentation

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52
Q

Osteoclast cells location and main function

A

Bone (fusion of several macrophages)

Digestion of bone

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53
Q

Multinuclear giant cells location and main function

A

Connective tissue (fusion of several macrophages)

Segregation and digestion of foreign bodies

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54
Q

Placenta macrophages

A

Hofbauer Cells

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55
Q

Adipose tissue macrophages

A

Adipose Macrophages

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56
Q

Are large, oval or round connective tissue cells, 20-30 m in diameter
Cytoplasm is filled with basophilic secretory granules.
Spherical nucleus is centrally situated and may be obscured by the cytoplasmic granules

A

MAST CELLS

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57
Q

displayed by mast cells because of high content of acidic radicals in their sulfated glycosaminoglycans

A

METACHROMASIA

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58
Q

which means that they can change the color of some basic dyes (eg, toluidine blue) from blue to purple or red.

A

METACHROMASIA

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59
Q

A PARTIAL LIST OF IMPORTANT MOLECULES RELEASED FROM TE GRANULES INCLUDES

A

Heparin
Histamine
Serine proteases
Eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors
Leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4 (SRS-A)

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60
Q

a sulfated glycosaminoglycan that acts locally as an anticoagulant

A

Heparin

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61
Q

promotes increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction

A

Histamine

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62
Q

activate various mediators of inflammation

A

Serine proteases

63
Q

attracts those leukocytes

A

Eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factor

64
Q

triggers smooth muscle contraction

A

Leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4 (SRS-A)

65
Q

mast cells near small blood vessels in skin and mesenteries

A

PERIVASCULAR MAST CELLS

66
Q

mucosa lining digestive and respiratory tracts

A

MUCOSAL MAST CELLS

67
Q

TYPES OF MAST CELLS

A

PERIVASCULAR MAST CELLS
MUCOSAL MAST CELLS

68
Q

are large, ovoid cells that have a basophilic cytoplasm due to their richness in rough ER

A

Plasma cells

69
Q

Nucleus of the plasma cell is generally

A

spherical but eccentrically placed

70
Q

Plasma cells There is alternating areas of compact, peripheral regions of heterochromatin and lighter areas of euchromatin, giving the nucleus a

A

clock-face appearance (Cartwheel Appearance)

71
Q

Average lifespan of plasma cells

A

10-20 days.

72
Q

migration of leukocytes from the blood vessels to the connective tissue

A

DIAPEDESIS-

73
Q

classic signs involve redness and swelling with heat and pain (rubor et tumor cum calore et dolore).

A

Inflammation-

74
Q

substances of various origin that induce some of the events characteristic of inflammation
o Chemotactic factors

A

chemical mediators of inflammation

75
Q

Leukocytes do not return to the blood after arriving in connective tissue except for the

A

lymphocytes

76
Q

is responsible for the migration of large quantities of specific cell types to regions of inflammation

A

CHEMOTAXIS-

77
Q

happens under the influence of chemotactic factors

A

CHEMOTAXIS-

78
Q

most abundant connective fibers

A

COLLAGEN

79
Q

COLLAGEN Various types are present in the

A

skin, bone, cartilage, smooth muscle, and basal lamina.

80
Q

TYPES OF COLLAGEN

A
  1. COLLAGEN THAT FORM FIBRILS
  2. FIBRIL-ASSOCIATED COLLAGENS
  3. COLLAGEN THAT FORMS ANCHORING FIBRILS
  4. COLLAGEN THAT FORMS NETWORK
81
Q

Type I collagen is the most abundant and has a widespread distribution such as

A

tendons, organ capsules, and dermis.

82
Q

COLLAGEN THAT FORM FIBRILS TYPE I REPRESENTATIVE TISSUES AND MAIN FUNCTION

A

skin, tendon, bone, dentin

resistance to tension

83
Q

COLLAGEN THAT FORM FIBRILS TYPE II
REPRESENTATIVE TISSUES AND MAIN FUNCTION

A

cartilage, vitreous body

resistance to pressure

84
Q

COLLAGEN THAT FORM FIBRILS TYPE III
REPRESENTATIVE TISSUES AND MAIN FUNCTION

A

skin, muscle, blood vessels, frequently together with type I

structural maintenance in expansible organ

85
Q

COLLAGEN THAT FORM FIBRILS TYPE V
REPRESENTATIVE TISSUES AND MAIN FUNCTION

A

fetal tissues, skin, bone, placenta, most interstitial tissue

participates in type I collagen function

86
Q

COLLAGEN THAT FORM FIBRILS TYPE XI
REPRESENTATIVE TISSUES AND MAIN FUNCTION

A

cartilage

participate in type II collagen functionn

87
Q

short structures that bind the surfaces of collagen fibrils to one another and to other components of the ECM.

A

FIBRIL-ASSOCIATED COLLAGENS

88
Q

FIBRIL-ASSOCIATED COLLAGENS Molecules are also known as FACIT collagens or

A

fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices

89
Q

they do not form fibril however they are associated to our collagen fibrils

A

FIBRIL-ASSOCIATED COLLAGENS

90
Q

FIBRIL ASSOCIATED COLLAGEN TYPE IX
REPRESENTATIVE TISSUES AND MAIN FUNCTION

A

cartilage, vitreous body
bound glycosaminoglycans, associated with type II collagen

91
Q

FIBRIL ASSOCIATED COLLAGEN TYPE XII
REPRESENTATIVE TISSUES AND MAIN FUNCTION

A

Embryonic tendon and skin

interacts with type I collagen

92
Q

FIBRIL ASSOCIATED COLLAGEN TYPE XIV
REPRESENTATIVE TISSUES AND MAIN FUNCTION

A

Fetal skin and tendon

-

93
Q

present in the anchoring fibrils that bind the basal lamina to reticular fibers in the underlying connective tissue

A

COLLAGEN THAT FORMS ANCHORING FIBRILS

94
Q

COLLAGEN THAT FORMS ANCHORING FIBRILS TYPE VII REPRESENTATIVE TISSUES AND MAIN FUNCTION

A

epithelia

acnhors skin epidermal basal lamina to underlying stroma

95
Q

molecules assemble in a meshwork that constitutes a major structural component of the basal lamina

A

COLLAGEN THAT FORMS NETWORK

96
Q

refers to the production of the collagen

A

COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS-

97
Q

collagens are produced by the

A

fibroblast

98
Q

found in cartilage which also produce collagen

A

chondroblast-

99
Q

cells found in the dental pulp

A

odontoblast

100
Q

polypeptides initially formed on ribosomes of the rough ER

A

PROCOLLAGEN CHAINS

101
Q

each procollagen molecule is composed of two

A

a1 and one a2 peptide chains, each with a molecular mass of approximately 100 kDa

102
Q

present in all basement membranes, assembles as a lattice-like network in the basal lamina.

A

Collagen type IV,

103
Q

COLLAGEN THAT FORMS ANCHORING FIBRILS TYPE IV
REPRESENTATIVE TISSUES AND MAIN FUNCTION

A

all basement membranes

support of delicate structures, filtration

104
Q

order of collagen turnover rate from slowest to fastest

A

normal connective tissue

some organs, such as tendons and ligaments

periodontal ligament surrounding teeth

105
Q

members of an enzyme class, matrix metalloproteinases or MMPs

A

COLLAGENASES

106
Q

COLLAGENASES are members of an enzyme class

A

matrix metalloproteinases or MMPs

107
Q
  • specific enzymes initiating degradation of collagen
  • Clip collagen molecules rendering them susceptible to further degradation by nonspecific proteases
A

COLLAGENASES

108
Q

consist mainly of collagen type III, which forms extensive networks of extremely thin (diameters 0.5-2 m) and heavily glycosylated fibers in certain organs

A

RETICULAR FIBERS

109
Q

RETICULAR FIBERS can be easily stained black by

A

impregnation with silver salts

110
Q

RETICULAR fibers are particularly abundant in the framework of hematopoietic organs like

A

spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow

111
Q

RETICULAR FIBERS constitute a network around the parenchymal cells of various organs like

A

liver, endocrine glands

112
Q

Very flexible and have recoiling properties
o Are thinner than the average collagen
o Form sparse networks interspersed with collagen bundles in many organs subject to much bending or stretching, such as the wall of large arteries

A

ELASTIC FIBERS

113
Q

Elastic fibers or________add the resiliency to connective tissue

A

lamellae (sheets)

114
Q

ELASTIC FIBERS are usually demonstrated using ___________ which stains elastin a ___________

A

aldehyde fuscin

dark magenta.

115
Q

are secreted by fibroblasts in connective tissue and by smooth muscle cells in the walls of blood vessels

A

elastin

116
Q

Elastin molecules are_______ in shape with a molecular mass of

A

globular

70 kDa

117
Q

are produced when covalent cross-links are formed among four lysine residues in different elastin molecules

A

DESMOSINE AND ISODESMOSINE

118
Q

effectively cross-link the subunits of elastin and help account for the rubberlike qualities of this protein

A

DESMOSINE AND ISODESMOSINE

119
Q

is resistant to digestion by most proteases

A

Elastin

120
Q

easily hydrolyzed by pancreatic elastase

A

Elastin

121
Q

a family of proteins related to the scaffolding necessary for the deposition of elastin
- forms a core of 10-nm microfibrils in the first stage of elastic fibers development

A

FIBRILLIN

122
Q

results from mutations in the fibrillin gene
- a disease characterized by a lack of resistance in the tissues rich in elastic fibers

A

MARFAN SYNDROME

123
Q

highly hydrated, transparent, complex mixture of macromolecules

A

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX: GROUND SUBSTANCES

124
Q

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX: GROUND SUBSTANCES
o principally in three classes:

A

o glycosaminoglycans (or GAGs)
o proteoglycans
o multiadhesive glycoproteins

125
Q

TEM: connective tissue extracellular matrix reveals ground substance as either ________________ that fills spaces between the collagen and elastic fibers and surrounds fibroblast cells and processes

A

empty or containing fine granular material

126
Q

linear polysaccharides formed by repeating disaccharide units usually composed

A

GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS

127
Q

GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS originally called

A

mucopolysaccharides

128
Q

2 examples of GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (GAGs)

A

o Uronic acid - Glucuronic or iduronic acid
o Hexosamine - Glucosamine or galactosamine

129
Q

The four main GAGs found in proteoglycans are:

A

o Dermatan sulfate
o Chondroitin sulfates
o Keratan sulfate
o Heparan sulfate

130
Q

are composed of a core protein to which are covalently attached various numbers and combinations of the sulfated GAGs

A

PROTEOGLYCANS

131
Q

PROTEOGLYCANS function

A

anchoring cells to the matrix

132
Q

cell-surface proteoglycans
- are present on many types of cells, particularly epithelial cells

A

SYNDECAN-

133
Q

one of the most important ECM proteoglycans
- the dominant proteoglycan in cartilage

A

AGGRECAN

134
Q

Several disorders have been described in which a deficiency in lysosomal enzymes causes glycosaminoglycan degradation to be blocked, with the consequent accumulation of these compounds in tissues. What are these diseases?

A

Hurler, Hunter, sanfilippo, and Morquio syndromes.

135
Q
  • Bacteria that produce ___________, an enzyme that hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid and other glycosaminoglycans
  • have greater invasive power because they reduce the viscosity of the connective tissue ground substance
A

hyaluronidase

136
Q

o have a frequently branched carbohydrates moiety attached, but in contrast to proteoglycans the protein moiety usually predominates
o several such glycoproteins have important roles in the adhesion of cells to their substrate
o stabilizes or holds the position of each cells in the extracellular matrix

A

MULTIADHESIVE GLYCOPROTEINS

137
Q

is an important example synthesized by fibroblasts and some epithelial cells
- with a molecular mass of 22-240 kDa
- has binding sites for collagens, certain GAGs, and integrins of cell membranes

A

FIBRONECTIN-

138
Q

trimeric, a larger, cross-shaped glycoprotein
- participates in the adhesion of epithelial cells to the basal lamina
- has binding sites for type IV collagen, GAGs, and integrins
- all basal laminae are rich in

A

laminin

139
Q

Two general classes of connective tissue

A

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

140
Q

contains faint ground substance with fine fibers of collagen and is adjacent to epithelium.

A

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

141
Q

tissue underlies the thinner layer of
loose connective tissue and is invariably much richer in larger bundles of collagen

A

DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE

142
Q

o supports many structures which are normally under some pressure and low friction
o Usually supports epithelial tissue, forms a layer around small blood and lymphatic vessels, and fills the spaces between muscle and nerve fibers

A

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

143
Q

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Also found in:

A
  • papillary layer of the dermis
  • hypodermis
  • linings of the peritoneal and pleural cavitie
  • in glands
  • in mucous membranes (wet membranes that line the hollow organs) supporting the epithelial cells.
144
Q

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Also called as

A

AREOLAR TISSUE

145
Q

are the most numerous cells IN LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

Fibroblasts and macrophages

146
Q

offers resistance and protection
o has the same components found in loose connective tissue, but there are fewer cells and a clear predominance of collagen fibers over ground substance

A

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

147
Q

DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVER TISSUE
o known as dense irregular connective tissue when the collagen fibers are

A

arranged in bundles without a definite orientation

148
Q

collagen fibers form a 3-dimensional network in dense irregular tissue, providing resistance to stress from all directions
o often found closely associated with loose connective tissue

A

DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVER TISSUE

149
Q

DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
o collagen bundles are arranged according to a

A

definite pattern

150
Q

collagen fibers aligned with the linear orientation of fibroblasts in response to prolonged stresses exerted in the same direction offering great resistance to traction forces

A

DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

151
Q

are produced and enveloped by the reticular cells, forming an elaborate network through which interstitial fluid or lymph and wandering cells from blood pass continuously.

A

Reticular fibers of type III collagen

152
Q

MUCOUS TISSUE
o found mainly in the umbilical cord and fetal tissues
o principal component of the umbilical cord, referred to as

A

Wharton’s jelly

153
Q

similar form of connective tissue is also found in the pulp cavity of young teeth

A

MUCOUS TISSUE

154
Q

MUCOUS TISSUE has an abundance of ground substance composed chiefly of__________, making it a jellylike tissue containing very few collagen fibers with scattered fibroblasts

A

hyaluronic acid

HISTOLOGY (14 decks)

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