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Systemics- Hemolymphatics and Special Senses > Hemolymph > Flashcards

Hemolymph Flashcards

1
Q

Three components of anthratoxin (A-B toxin)

A

Protective antigen (II)- B subunit (entry), binds TEM8 and CMG2
Lethal factor (III)- A subunit, cell death, CNS depression
Edema factor (I)- A subunit, increases cAMP–>water efflux from cell

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2
Q

How to diagnose anthrax?

A

Blood smear from tail tip or coronary band

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3
Q

What is the key histo on blood smear?

A

Intravascular large bacilli with flat ends

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4
Q

Pathogenesis of anthrax

A

Initial lymphangitis/lymphadenitis, then septicemia

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5
Q

How to stain anthrax?

A

Old methylene blue stains pink, distinct capsule

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6
Q

Classical swine fever lesions

A

Lymphocytolysis (thymus and lymphoid atrophy)

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7
Q

Differentials for congested splenomegaly in a pig

A

Volvulus, salmonella, hemolytic anemia, Mycoplasma haemosuis, African swine fever

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8
Q

Cause of cervical lymphadenitis in the guinea pig

A

Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus

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9
Q

What predisposes G pigs to lumps?

A

Female sex and stress

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10
Q

Key histo with cervical lymphadenitis

A

Bilateral suppurative lymphadenitis

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11
Q

What does mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis target?

A

M cells (GALT, PP)

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12
Q

Virulence factors of mycobacterium

A

Lipid rich cell wall
Peroxidase
Man-LAM
TLR2 and IL10 stimulate TH2 response

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13
Q

What does mycobacterium require for growth? Where is it highest?

A

Iron; ileocecal jxn

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14
Q

Mycobacterium key histo

A

Granulomatous lymphangitis/lymphadenitis

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15
Q

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis clinical presentation

A

GI disease with lymphadenopathy in cats and rodents

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16
Q

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis virulence factors

A

Yersinia adhesion A protein, YadA (adheres to ECM and inhibits complement)
Invasin and Ail (bind to M cells)
YopB and Yop D for type III SS, injects effector Yops that alter phagocyte fxn (Yop E/H/T)

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17
Q

Y. pseudotuberculosis key histo

A

Large, botryoid colonies of bacteria (lymphadenitis), lymphoid hyperplasia and histiocytosis

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18
Q

How is Y. pestis different?

A

Does not cause disease in rodents, and three forms:
Bubonic plague, pneumonia, or septicemic

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19
Q

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis virulence factors

A

Leukotoxic surface lipid (mycolic acid)- induces inflammation, prevents phagolysosome formation
Exotoxin (phospholipase D) increases vascular permeability, cell damage

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20
Q

Key gross and histo for corynebacterium

A

Onion skin lymphadenomegaly, caseous lymphadenitis in sheep, ulcerative lymphangitis in horses/cows; eosinophils, no colonies

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21
Q

Key histo for actinobacillus lignieresii

A

Pyogranulomatous inflammation with large colonies of bacilli with Splendore-Hoeppli (sulfur granules grossly)

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22
Q

Key histo for Francisella tularensis

A

Abscesses with a ton of necrosis in multiple organs (LN, liver, spleen)

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23
Q

How to tell tularemia from yersinia

A

No colonies in tularemia

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24
Q

What cells does bartonella henselae infect?

A

Erythrocytes
Endothelium
Macrophages

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25
Q

How is bartonella transmitted

A

Arthropods

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26
Q

Histo with bartonella; stain to see?

A

Lymphadenitis; silver stains

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27
Q

How is Neorickettsia helminthoeca transmitted?

A

Ingestion of trematode (Nanophyteus salmincola*)

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28
Q

Life cycle of Nanophyteus salmincola

A

1st IH- snail, cercaria
2nd IH- fish, metacercari
DH- fish eating mammals

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29
Q

Stains to see Neorickettsia helminthoeca

A

Giemsa, Macchiavellos

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30
Q

Key histo with Neorickettsia helminthoeca

A

Lymphoid depletion, histiocytosis*, pleomorphic organisms in macrophages (hard to see), adult trematodes in intestines

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31
Q

How is Ehrlichia canis transmitted?

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

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32
Q

Who is susceptible to E. canis?

A

GSDs

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33
Q

Where does E. canis live?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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34
Q

Clinical pathology with E. canis

A

Thrombo- and pan-cytopenia

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35
Q

Key cyto with E. canis

A

Morulae on blood smears or synovial fluid smears

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36
Q

What kind of fungus is Sporothrix schenckii?

A

Dimorphic

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37
Q

Three types of sporothricosis

A

Cutaneous, cutaneous-lymphatic, disseminated

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38
Q

Key histo with Sporothrix schenckii

A

Pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis with intrahistiocytic and extracellular cigar-shaped 2-10um yeast with a halo

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39
Q

What is the pelger-huet anomaly?

A

Normal leukocytes count, but left shift due to hyposegmentation of granulocytes and monocytes (round/kidney nucleus)

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40
Q

What causes Pelger-Huet anomaly?

A

Lamin B receptor mutation (autosomal dominant)

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41
Q

Cause of SCID in horse?

A

Arabian horses- autosomal recessive defect in PRKDC gene

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42
Q

Cause of SCID in dog?

A

Defect in type I cytokine receptor

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43
Q

Clin path findings supportive of SCID

A

Lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, no IgM

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44
Q

Key histo with SCID

A

Lymphoid hypoplasia of all lymphoid organs

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45
Q

Who gets congenital dyserythropoiesis

A

Polled Herefords; idiopathic in English springer spaniels with polymyopathy and megaesophagus

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46
Q

Syndromes assocaited with congenital dyserythropoiesis

A

Anemia, progressive alopecia, dyskeratosis

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47
Q

Key histo with congenital dyserythropoiesis

A

Marked erythroid hyperplasia (arrest at rubricyte stage), epidermal dyskeratosis*

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48
Q

Who gets LAD?

A

Holsteins; Irish setters

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49
Q

Cause of LAD?

A

Deficiency of beta 2 integrins (CD18)

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50
Q

Pathogenesis of LAD

A

Neutrophils can’t adhere, diminished chemotaxis–>recurrent infections–>persistent neutrophilia

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51
Q

Who gets thymomas?

A

Adult female goats

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52
Q

List of paraneoplastic syndromes associated with thymoma

A

Myasthenia gravis w. megaesophagus
Exfoliative dermatitis
Eosinophilia
Hypercalcemia
Polymyositis
Exophthalmia in rabbits
Red cell aplasia
T cell lymphocytosis

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53
Q

Thymoma types and appearance

A

Type A- spindle
Type B- epithelioid (dog); B1 most closely resembles the normal thymus, B3 more epithelial
Type AB- components of both, sheep/goats

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54
Q

Cause of malignant lymphoma in cats; only transmissible type

A

Feline Leukemia Virus A

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55
Q

What kind of virus is FeLV

A

Lentivirus (gammaretrovirus)

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56
Q

What type of lymphoma occurs with FeLV

A

Thymic T cell lymphoblastic

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57
Q

FeLV virulence factors

A

gag- infectivity
env- attachment and entry
pol- enzymes

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58
Q

What kind of lymphoma is associated with FIV?

A

B cell lymphoma of intestine

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59
Q

Most common lymphoma in cats

A

T cell intestinal lymphoma

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60
Q

What phenotype is gastric lymphoma?

A

Diffuse large B cell

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61
Q

What phenotype is nasal lymphoma?

A

Diffuse large B cell

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62
Q

From what does histiocytic sarcoma arise?

A

Interstitial dendritic cells

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63
Q

What stain is used for histiocytic sarcoma?

A

CD18

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64
Q

Mice strains predisposed to HS

A

B6 SJL

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65
Q

Histo finding in rats associated with HS

A

Intracytoplasmic hyaline droplets in PCTs

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66
Q

Only malignancy of macrophage origin

A

Hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma

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67
Q

Benign tumor that cheetahs get

A

Myelolipoma (liver); spleen in dog

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67
Q

Features of T zone lymphoma- cell size and type, pattern, key histo, location, behavior

A

Intermediate T cells; nodular; peripheralizes and fading follicles; lymph nodes; indolent

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67
Q

Features of marginal zone lymphoma- cell size and type, pattern, key histo, location, behavior

A

Intermediate B cells with large central nucleolus; nodular; around fading follicles; spleen, LNs, extranodal; indolent

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68
Q

Where does mycoplasma haemocanis live?

A

Epicellular on erythrocytes (perimembranous)

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69
Q

Disease with mycoplasma?

A

Hemolytic anemia if immunocompromised/splenectomized

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70
Q

Key cyto with mycoplasma

A

Thin chains of cocci on erythrocytes

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71
Q

How is mycoplasma transmitted?

A

Blood sucking arthropods (like mycoplasma suis! Haematopinus)

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72
Q

What type of organism is Babesia?

A

Apicomplexan protozoan, tickborne

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73
Q

What cell does Babesia infect?

A

Erythrocytes

74
Q

Disease with Babesia?

A

INTRAVASCULAR hemolysis (so, jaundice), vascular sludging (cerebral flush), hypotension

75
Q

Key cyto with babesia

A

Intraerythrocytic paired pear-shaped piroplasms

76
Q

What type of organism is Plasmodium?

A

Apicomplexan protozoan, arthropod borne

77
Q

Natural host of Plasmodium?

A

Cyno macaque

78
Q

Life cycle of Plasmodium?

A

Indirect two host- Sexual stage in arthropod, asexual stage in vertebrate

79
Q

What cells does Plasmodium infect?

A

Liver phase- macrophages and endothelial cells
Erythrocytic phase- RBCs

80
Q

Key gross findings with Plasmodium

A

Brown discoloration (hemazoin pigment)

81
Q

Key histo with Plasmodium

A

Schizonts in macs, endothelial cells
Trophozoites, meronts, or gametocytes in erythrocytes

82
Q

What type of organism is Cytauxzoon?

A

Protozoan, tickborne

83
Q

Reservoir for Cytauxzoon

A

Bobcat

84
Q

Disease with cytauxzoon

A

Hemolytic anemia and vascular occlusion

85
Q

Key cyto with Cytauxzoon

A

Piroplasms within erythrocytes (non-replicating phase), intrahistiocytic schizonts with merozoites occluding vessels

86
Q

Key clin path finding with Cytauxzoon

A

Lymphocytosis and monocytosis

87
Q

Key histo with Cytauxzoon

A

Birefringent hemazoin pigment

88
Q

What type of organism is Theileria?

A

Apicomplexan protozoan, tickborne

89
Q

Disease with Theileria

A

High fever and lymphadenopathy in cattle

90
Q

Key histo with theileria

A

Diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia with lymphoblasts and intracytoplasmic schizonts (Kochs blue bodies)

91
Q

Stain to identify Theileria

A

Giemsa

92
Q

Life cycle of Theileria (cells infected)

A

Schizogeny in lymphocytes (tissue phase)- Macroschizonts–>microschizonts–>merozoites released
Found in erythrocytes (erythrocytic phase)- Merozoites

93
Q

What type of organism is Leucocytozoon

A

Insectborne (flies) protozoan

94
Q

Disease seen in birds with Leucocytozoon

A

INTRAVASCULAR hemolysis and anemia

95
Q

Cells infected/life cycle with Leucocytozoon

A

Asexual schizogeny in liver, lung, vessels
Gametogony- Megaloschizonts in endothelial and RBCs

96
Q

What kind of organism is Leishmania

A

Obligate diphasic (promastigotes and amastigotes) intracellular protozoan

97
Q

How is Leishmania transmitted/intermediate host?

A

Sandflies

98
Q

What cells does Leishmania infect?

A

Histiocytes, other leukocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts

99
Q

Common clinical presentation of Leishmania

A

Hyperproteinemia with hypergammaglobulinemia (plasma cell hyperplasia) and hypoalbuminemia (proteinuric nephritis)

100
Q

Which immune response is more effective against Leishmania

A

Th1

101
Q

Key histo with Leishmania

A

Intrahistiocytic amastigotes with a rod shaped perpendicular kinetoplast

102
Q

Stain for Leishmania

A

Giemsa

103
Q

Life cycle of Leishmania

A

Amastigotes bust out of WBCs ingested by sandfly, transform into promastigotes, replicate in midgut, transition to metacyclic form (infectious), injected with saliva into DH

104
Q

Three forms of Leishmania

A

Cutaneous
Mucocutaneous (spread of cutaneous to nasopharynx)
Visceral

105
Q

What organism is a schistosome?

A

Blood fluke, (intravascular) trematode

106
Q

What is the intermediate host of schistosoma

A

Snail- releases infective cercariae

107
Q

Other than being intravascular, why is this fluke (schistosoma) weird?

A

Not hermaphroditic (other flukes are)

108
Q

Key histo for schistosomiasis

A

Granulomatous inflammation, fibrosis, trematode eggs (yellow-brown, miracidium, no operculum, maybe spines); eosinophilic endophlebitis

109
Q

What virus is Marek’s disease caused by?

A

Gallid herpesvirus 2 (Alphaherpesvirus)

110
Q

What cell does gallid herpesvirus 2 infect?

A

T lymphocytes

111
Q

Age range affected by Marek’s

A

2-5 months

112
Q

Where does the Marek’s virus replicate?

A

Follicular epithelium- infected by inhaling follicle dander

113
Q

Important genes for Marek’s virus (3)

A

Meq (oncogene)
vTR (telomerase)
pp38 (replication)

114
Q

Stains for Marek’s disease

A

CD3
MATSA tumor antigen
Meq

115
Q

Classic presentation of Marek’s

A

Sciatic nerve enlargement (neurolymphomatosis)
Paralysis (splay leg)
Ocular/cutaneous- grey eye color
Visceral tumors

116
Q

What kind of organism is isospora?

A

Apicomplexan protozoa

117
Q

Who gets isosporosis

A

Passerines

118
Q

Like cycle of isospora

A

Sexual reproduction in enterocytes (fecal oral transmission)
Asexual reproduction in lymphocytes, and macrophages

119
Q

Presentation of isospora

A

In fledglings- acute mortality
Mimics lymphoma

120
Q

Key gross finding in isospora in general; specifically in finches; specifically in white rumped shama

A

General- Splenomegaly
Finches- Duodenal thickening
Shama- skin and macrophages

121
Q

Key histo in isospora

A

Lightly basophilic protozoal merozoites with clear halo (p.vacuole) within lymphocytes, indenting the nucleus
with lymphohistiocytic inflammation in various organs

122
Q

Natural host of herpesvirus saimiri

A

Squirrel monkey

123
Q

Susceptible species to herpesvirus saimiri

A

Rabbits, NWMs

124
Q

What kind of virus is herpesvirus saimiri

A

Gammaherpesvirus rhadinovirus

125
Q

What disease does herpesvirus saimiri cause?

A

Fatal lymphoproliferative (CD3/CD8 T cell)

126
Q

Herpesvirus saimiri virulence factors

A

Saimiri transformation-associated protein (StpC)
Tyrosine kinase interacting protein (Tip)

127
Q

Key gross with herpesvirus saimiri

A

Nodular lesions in liver, spleen, kidney, orbit, abdomen

128
Q

What kind of virus causes Pacheco’s disease?

A

Psittacid herpesvirus 1 (alphaherpesvirus)

129
Q

Who is particularly susceptible to Pacheco’s?

A

Cockatoos and Amazon parrots

130
Q

What disease does Pacheco’s cause?

A

Acute fatal hepatitis

131
Q

Where does Pacheco’s go latent?

A

Trigeminal
Lymphoreticular system

132
Q

Key gross with Pacheco’s; key histo

A

Hepatic and splenic necrosis; eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies with syncytia, necrosis in liver, spleen, intestine

133
Q

What kind of virus is simian hemorrhagic fever

A

Arterivirus

134
Q

What cell is targeted with simian hemorrhagic fever

A

Macrophages

135
Q

Who are subclinical carriers of simian hemorrhagic fever

A

Patas
African green monkeys
Baboons

136
Q

Key gross with simian hemorrhagic fever

A

Hemorrhage/congestion of proximal duodenum**
Hemorrhage/congestion of other viscera (like DIC)
Absent hepatic/adrenal necrosis- differentiates from other scary viruses

137
Q

Key histo with simian hemorrhagic fever

A

Lymphoid necrosis
Perifollicular splenic hemorrhage and fibrin
Thymic cortical necrosis with medullary sparing**

138
Q

What kind of virus is African swine fever?

A

Asfarvirus

139
Q

How is ASF different from CSF?

A

ASF does not infect epithelium

140
Q

Vector of African swine fever

A

Soft tick- ornithodoros moubata

141
Q

What cell is targeted with African swine fever

A

Macrophages

142
Q

Key gross lesions of African swine fever

A

Splenomegaly
LN hematoma

143
Q

Key histo with African swine fever

A

Fibrinoid vasculitis, hemorrhage, lymphocyte/macrophage necrosis and depletion, thrombosis

144
Q

What kind of virus is classical swine fever?

A

Pestivirus

145
Q

What test can be used for African swine fever?

A

p72 PCR

146
Q

General disease caused by African swine fever?

A

High fever, cutaneous hyperemia, abortions, edema, hemorrhage in internal organs

147
Q

General disease caused by classical swine fever?

A

Hemorrhagic disease with DIC, thrombocytopenia, and immunosuppression

148
Q

What cell types does classical swine fever target?

A

Endothelium, epithelium, macrophages

149
Q

Key gross lesions with classical swine fever

A

Turkey egg kidney, splenic infarcts, necrotizing tonsillitis, button ulcers

150
Q

Key histo with classical swine fever

A

Vasculitis and lymphoid depletion

151
Q

What kind of virus causes infectious bursal disease?

A

Birnavirus

152
Q

Age group affected by infectious bursal disease

A

3-6 weeks

153
Q

Disease caused by infectious bursal disease

A

Lymphocytolytic, immunosuppressive (mostly immature bursal B cells***)

154
Q

Which serotype of infectious bursal disease is pathogenic?

A

Serotype 1

155
Q

Key gross with infectious bursal disease

A

Enlarged, edematous bursa

156
Q

Key histo with infectious bursal disease

A

Lymphoid necrosis and atrophy with mild inflammation

157
Q

What virus causes marble spleen disease?

A

Siadenovirus (Turkey adenovirus 3)

158
Q

Who gets marble spleen disease?

A

Pheasants

159
Q

Whate age group is affected by marble spleen disease?

A

3-8 months

160
Q

Cells targeted by marble spleen disease

A

Lymphotropic (B lymphocytes) and lymphocytopathic

161
Q

Key histo with marble spleen disease

A

Basophilic INIBs in WBCs, white pulp hyperplasia then necrosis

162
Q

Key gross with marble spleen disease

A

Splenomegaly

163
Q

Canine parvovirus-2 disease causes

A

Enteritis, cerebellar hypoplasia

164
Q

Key histo with Canine parvovirus-2

A

Lymphoid hyperplasia then lymphocytolysis, necrohemorrhagic enteritis, INIBs in epithelium

165
Q

Clin path findings with Canine parvovirus-2

A

Pancytopenia

166
Q

Disease associated with hamster parvovirus?

A

Dental/facial deformities

167
Q

Disease associated with Killam’s rat parvovirus?

A

Scrotal and cerebellar hemorrhage

168
Q

What type of virus is equine infectious anemia?

A

Lentivirus

169
Q

What cell type does equine infectious anemia infect?

A

Macrophages

170
Q

Clin path findings with equine infectious anemia

A

Severe anemia and thrombocytopenia (intravascular hemolysis)

171
Q

How is equine infectious anemia transmitted?

A

Mechanically via flies

172
Q

Key histo findings with equine infectious anemia

A

Hemosiderosis*, bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia, bulls eye splenic follicles (enlarged by hypocellular)

173
Q

What is the best diagnostic tool for equine infectious anemia?

A

PCR is better than coggins- catches positives before they seroconvert

174
Q

What disease does porcine circovirus-2 cause?

A

Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome- wasting and lymphadenomegaly

175
Q

Age group affected by porcine circovirus-2

A

5-18 weeks

176
Q

Key histo with porcine circovirus-2

A

Lymphoid depletion, granulomatous lymphadenitis, IC botryoid inclusions in histiocytes

177
Q

Which porcine circovirus-2 is the least virulent?

A

2e

178
Q

How to differentiate porcine circovirus-2 from PRRS

A

Bronchial necrosis in PRRS

179
Q

What type of virus causes ebola?

A

Filovirus

180
Q

What syndrome does ebola cause?

A

Highly fatal hemorrhagic fever of primates

181
Q

Reservoir of ebola

A

Fruit bats

182
Q

What cells does ebola target?

A

Macrophages

183
Q

Classic gross lesion with ebola

A

Hemorrhage of proximal duodenum** (like simian hemorrhagic virus)

184
Q

Key histo with ebola

A

Lymphoid necrosis surrounded by hemorrhage, necrosis of liver and adrenal (unlike SHV)

Systemics- Hemolymphatics and Special Senses (5 decks)

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