Hemolymph Flashcards
1
Q
Three components of anthratoxin (A-B toxin)
A
Protective antigen (II)- B subunit (entry), binds TEM8 and CMG2
Lethal factor (III)- A subunit, cell death, CNS depression
Edema factor (I)- A subunit, increases cAMP–>water efflux from cell
2
Q
How to diagnose anthrax?
A
Blood smear from tail tip or coronary band
3
Q
What is the key histo on blood smear?
A
Intravascular large bacilli with flat ends
4
Q
Pathogenesis of anthrax
A
Initial lymphangitis/lymphadenitis, then septicemia
5
Q
How to stain anthrax?
A
Old methylene blue stains pink, distinct capsule
6
Q
Classical swine fever lesions
A
Lymphocytolysis (thymus and lymphoid atrophy)
7
Q
Differentials for congested splenomegaly in a pig
A
Volvulus, salmonella, hemolytic anemia, Mycoplasma haemosuis, African swine fever
8
Q
Cause of cervical lymphadenitis in the guinea pig
A
Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus
9
Q
What predisposes G pigs to lumps?
A
Female sex and stress
10
Q
Key histo with cervical lymphadenitis
A
Bilateral suppurative lymphadenitis
11
Q
What does mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis target?
A
M cells (GALT, PP)
12
Q
Virulence factors of mycobacterium
A
Lipid rich cell wall
Peroxidase
Man-LAM
TLR2 and IL10 stimulate TH2 response
13
Q
What does mycobacterium require for growth? Where is it highest?
A
Iron; ileocecal jxn
14
Q
Mycobacterium key histo
A
Granulomatous lymphangitis/lymphadenitis
15
Q
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis clinical presentation
A
GI disease with lymphadenopathy in cats and rodents
16
Q
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis virulence factors
A
Yersinia adhesion A protein, YadA (adheres to ECM and inhibits complement)
Invasin and Ail (bind to M cells)
YopB and Yop D for type III SS, injects effector Yops that alter phagocyte fxn (Yop E/H/T)
17
Q
Y. pseudotuberculosis key histo
A
Large, botryoid colonies of bacteria (lymphadenitis), lymphoid hyperplasia and histiocytosis
18
Q
How is Y. pestis different?
A
Does not cause disease in rodents, and three forms:
Bubonic plague, pneumonia, or septicemic
19
Q
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis virulence factors
A
Leukotoxic surface lipid (mycolic acid)- induces inflammation, prevents phagolysosome formation
Exotoxin (phospholipase D) increases vascular permeability, cell damage
20
Q
Key gross and histo for corynebacterium
A
Onion skin lymphadenomegaly, caseous lymphadenitis in sheep, ulcerative lymphangitis in horses/cows; eosinophils, no colonies
21
Q
Key histo for actinobacillus lignieresii
A
Pyogranulomatous inflammation with large colonies of bacilli with Splendore-Hoeppli (sulfur granules grossly)
22
Q
Key histo for Francisella tularensis
A
Abscesses with a ton of necrosis in multiple organs (LN, liver, spleen)
23
Q
How to tell tularemia from yersinia
A
No colonies in tularemia
24
Q
What cells does bartonella henselae infect?
A
Erythrocytes
Endothelium
Macrophages
25
How is bartonella transmitted
Arthropods
26
Histo with bartonella; stain to see?
Lymphadenitis; silver stains
27
How is Neorickettsia helminthoeca transmitted?
Ingestion of trematode (Nanophyteus salmincola*)
28
Life cycle of Nanophyteus salmincola
1st IH- snail, cercaria
2nd IH- fish, metacercari
DH- fish eating mammals
29
Stains to see Neorickettsia helminthoeca
Giemsa, Macchiavellos
30
Key histo with Neorickettsia helminthoeca
Lymphoid depletion, histiocytosis*, pleomorphic organisms in macrophages (hard to see), adult trematodes in intestines
31
How is Ehrlichia canis transmitted?
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
32
Who is susceptible to E. canis?
GSDs
33
Where does E. canis live?
Lymphocytes and monocytes
34
Clinical pathology with E. canis
Thrombo- and pan-cytopenia
35
Key cyto with E. canis
Morulae on blood smears or synovial fluid smears
36
What kind of fungus is Sporothrix schenckii?
Dimorphic
37
Three types of sporothricosis
Cutaneous, cutaneous-lymphatic, disseminated
38
Key histo with Sporothrix schenckii
Pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis with intrahistiocytic and extracellular cigar-shaped 2-10um yeast with a halo
39
What is the pelger-huet anomaly?
Normal leukocytes count, but left shift due to hyposegmentation of granulocytes and monocytes (round/kidney nucleus)
40
What causes Pelger-Huet anomaly?
Lamin B receptor mutation (autosomal dominant)
41
Cause of SCID in horse?
Arabian horses- autosomal recessive defect in PRKDC gene
42
Cause of SCID in dog?
Defect in type I cytokine receptor
43
Clin path findings supportive of SCID
Lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, no IgM
44
Key histo with SCID
Lymphoid hypoplasia of all lymphoid organs
45
Who gets congenital dyserythropoiesis
Polled Herefords; idiopathic in English springer spaniels with polymyopathy and megaesophagus
46
Syndromes assocaited with congenital dyserythropoiesis
Anemia, progressive alopecia, dyskeratosis
47
Key histo with congenital dyserythropoiesis
Marked erythroid hyperplasia (arrest at rubricyte stage), epidermal dyskeratosis*
48
Who gets LAD?
Holsteins; Irish setters
49
Cause of LAD?
Deficiency of beta 2 integrins (CD18)
50
Pathogenesis of LAD
Neutrophils can't adhere, diminished chemotaxis-->recurrent infections-->persistent neutrophilia
51
Who gets thymomas?
Adult female goats
52
List of paraneoplastic syndromes associated with thymoma
Myasthenia gravis w. megaesophagus
Exfoliative dermatitis
Eosinophilia
Hypercalcemia
Polymyositis
Exophthalmia in rabbits
Red cell aplasia
T cell lymphocytosis
53
Thymoma types and appearance
Type A- spindle
Type B- epithelioid (dog); B1 most closely resembles the normal thymus, B3 more epithelial
Type AB- components of both, sheep/goats
54
Cause of malignant lymphoma in cats; only transmissible type
Feline Leukemia Virus A
55
What kind of virus is FeLV
Lentivirus (gammaretrovirus)
56
What type of lymphoma occurs with FeLV
Thymic T cell lymphoblastic
57
FeLV virulence factors
gag- infectivity
env- attachment and entry
pol- enzymes
58
What kind of lymphoma is associated with FIV?
B cell lymphoma of intestine
59
Most common lymphoma in cats
T cell intestinal lymphoma
60
What phenotype is gastric lymphoma?
Diffuse large B cell
61
What phenotype is nasal lymphoma?
Diffuse large B cell
62
From what does histiocytic sarcoma arise?
Interstitial dendritic cells
63
What stain is used for histiocytic sarcoma?
CD18
64
Mice strains predisposed to HS
B6 SJL
65
Histo finding in rats associated with HS
Intracytoplasmic hyaline droplets in PCTs
66
Only malignancy of macrophage origin
Hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma
67
Benign tumor that cheetahs get
Myelolipoma (liver); spleen in dog
67
Features of T zone lymphoma- cell size and type, pattern, key histo, location, behavior
Intermediate T cells; nodular; peripheralizes and fading follicles; lymph nodes; indolent
67
Features of marginal zone lymphoma- cell size and type, pattern, key histo, location, behavior
Intermediate B cells with large central nucleolus; nodular; around fading follicles; spleen, LNs, extranodal; indolent
68
Where does mycoplasma haemocanis live?
Epicellular on erythrocytes (perimembranous)
69
Disease with mycoplasma?
Hemolytic anemia if immunocompromised/splenectomized
70
Key cyto with mycoplasma
Thin chains of cocci on erythrocytes
71
How is mycoplasma transmitted?
Blood sucking arthropods (like mycoplasma suis! Haematopinus)
72
What type of organism is Babesia?
Apicomplexan protozoan, tickborne
73
What cell does Babesia infect?
Erythrocytes
74
Disease with Babesia?
INTRAVASCULAR hemolysis (so, jaundice), vascular sludging (cerebral flush), hypotension
75
Key cyto with babesia
Intraerythrocytic paired pear-shaped piroplasms
76
What type of organism is Plasmodium?
Apicomplexan protozoan, arthropod borne
77
Natural host of Plasmodium?
Cyno macaque
78
Life cycle of Plasmodium?
Indirect two host- Sexual stage in arthropod, asexual stage in vertebrate
79
What cells does Plasmodium infect?
Liver phase- macrophages and endothelial cells
Erythrocytic phase- RBCs
80
Key gross findings with Plasmodium
Brown discoloration (hemazoin pigment)
81
Key histo with Plasmodium
Schizonts in macs, endothelial cells
Trophozoites, meronts, or gametocytes in erythrocytes
82
What type of organism is Cytauxzoon?
Protozoan, tickborne
83
Reservoir for Cytauxzoon
Bobcat
84
Disease with cytauxzoon
Hemolytic anemia and vascular occlusion
85
Key cyto with Cytauxzoon
Piroplasms within erythrocytes (non-replicating phase), intrahistiocytic schizonts with merozoites occluding vessels
86
Key clin path finding with Cytauxzoon
Lymphocytosis and monocytosis
87
Key histo with Cytauxzoon
Birefringent hemazoin pigment
88
What type of organism is Theileria?
Apicomplexan protozoan, tickborne
89
Disease with Theileria
High fever and lymphadenopathy in cattle
90
Key histo with theileria
Diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia with lymphoblasts and intracytoplasmic schizonts (Kochs blue bodies)
91
Stain to identify Theileria
Giemsa
92
Life cycle of Theileria (cells infected)
Schizogeny in lymphocytes (tissue phase)- Macroschizonts-->microschizonts-->merozoites released
Found in erythrocytes (erythrocytic phase)- Merozoites
93
What type of organism is Leucocytozoon
Insectborne (flies) protozoan
94
Disease seen in birds with Leucocytozoon
INTRAVASCULAR hemolysis and anemia
95
Cells infected/life cycle with Leucocytozoon
Asexual schizogeny in liver, lung, vessels
Gametogony- Megaloschizonts in endothelial and RBCs
96
What kind of organism is Leishmania
Obligate diphasic (promastigotes and amastigotes) intracellular protozoan
97
How is Leishmania transmitted/intermediate host?
Sandflies
98
What cells does Leishmania infect?
Histiocytes, other leukocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts
99
Common clinical presentation of Leishmania
Hyperproteinemia with hypergammaglobulinemia (plasma cell hyperplasia) and hypoalbuminemia (proteinuric nephritis)
100
Which immune response is more effective against Leishmania
Th1
101
Key histo with Leishmania
Intrahistiocytic amastigotes with a rod shaped perpendicular kinetoplast
102
Stain for Leishmania
Giemsa
103
Life cycle of Leishmania
Amastigotes bust out of WBCs ingested by sandfly, transform into promastigotes, replicate in midgut, transition to metacyclic form (infectious), injected with saliva into DH
104
Three forms of Leishmania
Cutaneous
Mucocutaneous (spread of cutaneous to nasopharynx)
Visceral
105
What organism is a schistosome?
Blood fluke, (intravascular) trematode
106
What is the intermediate host of schistosoma
Snail- releases infective cercariae
107
Other than being intravascular, why is this fluke (schistosoma) weird?
Not hermaphroditic (other flukes are)
108
Key histo for schistosomiasis
Granulomatous inflammation, fibrosis, trematode eggs (yellow-brown, miracidium, no operculum, maybe spines); eosinophilic endophlebitis
109
What virus is Marek's disease caused by?
Gallid herpesvirus 2 (Alphaherpesvirus)
110
What cell does gallid herpesvirus 2 infect?
T lymphocytes
111
Age range affected by Marek's
2-5 months
112
Where does the Marek's virus replicate?
Follicular epithelium- infected by inhaling follicle dander
113
Important genes for Marek's virus (3)
Meq (oncogene)
vTR (telomerase)
pp38 (replication)
114
Stains for Marek's disease
CD3
MATSA tumor antigen
Meq
115
Classic presentation of Marek's
Sciatic nerve enlargement (neurolymphomatosis)
Paralysis (splay leg)
Ocular/cutaneous- grey eye color
Visceral tumors
116
What kind of organism is isospora?
Apicomplexan protozoa
117
Who gets isosporosis
Passerines
118
Like cycle of isospora
Sexual reproduction in enterocytes (fecal oral transmission)
Asexual reproduction in lymphocytes, and macrophages
119
Presentation of isospora
In fledglings- acute mortality
Mimics lymphoma
120
Key gross finding in isospora in general; specifically in finches; specifically in white rumped shama
General- Splenomegaly
Finches- Duodenal thickening
Shama- skin and macrophages
121
Key histo in isospora
Lightly basophilic protozoal merozoites with clear halo (p.vacuole) within lymphocytes, indenting the nucleus
with lymphohistiocytic inflammation in various organs
122
Natural host of herpesvirus saimiri
Squirrel monkey
123
Susceptible species to herpesvirus saimiri
Rabbits, NWMs
124
What kind of virus is herpesvirus saimiri
Gammaherpesvirus rhadinovirus
125
What disease does herpesvirus saimiri cause?
Fatal lymphoproliferative (CD3/CD8 T cell)
126
Herpesvirus saimiri virulence factors
Saimiri transformation-associated protein (StpC)
Tyrosine kinase interacting protein (Tip)
127
Key gross with herpesvirus saimiri
Nodular lesions in liver, spleen, kidney, orbit, abdomen
128
What kind of virus causes Pacheco's disease?
Psittacid herpesvirus 1 (alphaherpesvirus)
129
Who is particularly susceptible to Pacheco's?
Cockatoos and Amazon parrots
130
What disease does Pacheco's cause?
Acute fatal hepatitis
131
Where does Pacheco's go latent?
Trigeminal
Lymphoreticular system
132
Key gross with Pacheco's; key histo
Hepatic and splenic necrosis; eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies with syncytia, necrosis in liver, spleen, intestine
133
What kind of virus is simian hemorrhagic fever
Arterivirus
134
What cell is targeted with simian hemorrhagic fever
Macrophages
135
Who are subclinical carriers of simian hemorrhagic fever
Patas
African green monkeys
Baboons
136
Key gross with simian hemorrhagic fever
Hemorrhage/congestion of proximal duodenum**
Hemorrhage/congestion of other viscera (like DIC)
Absent hepatic/adrenal necrosis- differentiates from other scary viruses
137
Key histo with simian hemorrhagic fever
Lymphoid necrosis
Perifollicular splenic hemorrhage and fibrin
Thymic cortical necrosis with medullary sparing**
138
What kind of virus is African swine fever?
Asfarvirus
139
How is ASF different from CSF?
ASF does not infect epithelium
140
Vector of African swine fever
Soft tick- ornithodoros moubata
141
What cell is targeted with African swine fever
Macrophages
142
Key gross lesions of African swine fever
Splenomegaly
LN hematoma
143
Key histo with African swine fever
Fibrinoid vasculitis, hemorrhage, lymphocyte/macrophage necrosis and depletion, thrombosis
144
What kind of virus is classical swine fever?
Pestivirus
145
What test can be used for African swine fever?
p72 PCR
146
General disease caused by African swine fever?
High fever, cutaneous hyperemia, abortions, edema, hemorrhage in internal organs
147
General disease caused by classical swine fever?
Hemorrhagic disease with DIC, thrombocytopenia, and immunosuppression
148
What cell types does classical swine fever target?
Endothelium, epithelium, macrophages
149
Key gross lesions with classical swine fever
Turkey egg kidney, splenic infarcts, necrotizing tonsillitis, button ulcers
150
Key histo with classical swine fever
Vasculitis and lymphoid depletion
151
What kind of virus causes infectious bursal disease?
Birnavirus
152
Age group affected by infectious bursal disease
3-6 weeks
153
Disease caused by infectious bursal disease
Lymphocytolytic, immunosuppressive (mostly immature bursal B cells***)
154
Which serotype of infectious bursal disease is pathogenic?
Serotype 1
155
Key gross with infectious bursal disease
Enlarged, edematous bursa
156
Key histo with infectious bursal disease
Lymphoid necrosis and atrophy with mild inflammation
157
What virus causes marble spleen disease?
Siadenovirus (Turkey adenovirus 3)
158
Who gets marble spleen disease?
Pheasants
159
Whate age group is affected by marble spleen disease?
3-8 months
160
Cells targeted by marble spleen disease
Lymphotropic (B lymphocytes) and lymphocytopathic
161
Key histo with marble spleen disease
Basophilic INIBs in WBCs, white pulp hyperplasia then necrosis
162
Key gross with marble spleen disease
Splenomegaly
163
Canine parvovirus-2 disease causes
Enteritis, cerebellar hypoplasia
164
Key histo with Canine parvovirus-2
Lymphoid hyperplasia then lymphocytolysis, necrohemorrhagic enteritis, INIBs in epithelium
165
Clin path findings with Canine parvovirus-2
Pancytopenia
166
Disease associated with hamster parvovirus?
Dental/facial deformities
167
Disease associated with Killam's rat parvovirus?
Scrotal and cerebellar hemorrhage
168
What type of virus is equine infectious anemia?
Lentivirus
169
What cell type does equine infectious anemia infect?
Macrophages
170
Clin path findings with equine infectious anemia
Severe anemia and thrombocytopenia (intravascular hemolysis)
171
How is equine infectious anemia transmitted?
Mechanically via flies
172
Key histo findings with equine infectious anemia
Hemosiderosis*, bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia, bulls eye splenic follicles (enlarged by hypocellular)
173
What is the best diagnostic tool for equine infectious anemia?
PCR is better than coggins- catches positives before they seroconvert
174
What disease does porcine circovirus-2 cause?
Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome- wasting and lymphadenomegaly
175
Age group affected by porcine circovirus-2
5-18 weeks
176
Key histo with porcine circovirus-2
Lymphoid depletion, granulomatous lymphadenitis, IC botryoid inclusions in histiocytes
177
Which porcine circovirus-2 is the least virulent?
2e
178
How to differentiate porcine circovirus-2 from PRRS
Bronchial necrosis in PRRS
179
What type of virus causes ebola?
Filovirus
180
What syndrome does ebola cause?
Highly fatal hemorrhagic fever of primates
181
Reservoir of ebola
Fruit bats
182
What cells does ebola target?
Macrophages
183
Classic gross lesion with ebola
Hemorrhage of proximal duodenum**** (like simian hemorrhagic virus)
184
Key histo with ebola
Lymphoid necrosis surrounded by hemorrhage, necrosis of liver and adrenal (unlike SHV)
