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A. HEMA111 > Hemoglobin Synthesis > Flashcards

Hemoglobin Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

what will happen to myoglobin when there is myocardial infarct or muscle destruction?

A

inc. myoglobin

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2
Q

Ferritin is seen in ________ and found in the _______.

A

hepatocytes; liver

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3
Q

What renders the rbc red?

A

ferroprotoporphyrin 9/ heme

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4
Q

Transport iron across the cell membrane

A

ferroportin

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5
Q

This functional iron is found in the blood stream

A

hemoglobin

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6
Q

this functional iron is found in the muscles

A

myoglobin

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7
Q

T/F: 2/4 of iron is in storage form

A

False: 1/4 of iron isin stoarge form

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8
Q

What are the two storeage forms of irons?

A

ferritin

hemosiderin

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9
Q

what form of iron is found in transferrin?

A

ferric form (fe3+)

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10
Q

What is the transport protein for iron?

A

Transferrin

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11
Q

the ave american diet of iron is 10-20 mg iron per day, how much iron is only absorbed by the body?

A

1-2 mg of iron

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12
Q

Give three functions of iron

A

carrier of electrons;
binds with cofactors;
catalyst for oxygenation, hydroxylation and other metabolic process

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13
Q

Iron is capable of undergoing ________ and _______.

A

oxidation; reduction

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14
Q

What are the components found in hemoglobin?

A

iron
heme
globin

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15
Q

iron is ______ in excess amounts

A

toxic

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16
Q

hemosiderin is seen in ______ and found in ________.

A

macrophages; bone marrow

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16
Q

What is the end product of step three in heme synthesis?

A

uroporphobilinogen III (UPG III)

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17
Q

Who are the most common individuals that has inc. need of iron?

A

🍭 pregnant women
🍭 newborns
🍭 children (esp. micronutrient deficiency)

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18
Q

Iron that is incorporated into hemoglobin molecules

A

Heme

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19
Q

what is the FUNCTIONAL form of iron?

A

Fe2+ or ferrous

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20
Q

what are the two most functional iron in humans?

A

hemoglobin & myoglobin

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22
Q

How many percent of iron does the body?

A

65% of iron

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24
Q

what is the non-functional form of iron? it is also known as _____

A

ferric (fe3+) ; methemoglobin

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26
Q

what form of iron is found mainly in the food?

A

ferric ions

27
Q

What is reason of converting iron (fe3+) into ferrous form?

A

The ferric ion form cannot bind to o2 (non - functional state)

28
Q

Iron can also be released from _________?

A

hemoglobin catabolism

29
Q

how many grams/dl of hemoglobin is found in a single rbc?

A

34 g/dL

31
Q

Hemoglobin is also known as?

A

respiratory pigment

32
Q

It is the main component of rbc

A

hemoglobin

33
Q

How many heme group comprised hemoglobin?

A

4 heme groups

34
Q

Average american diet for irons

A

10-20 mg iron/day

35
Q

What is the end product of step six in heme synthesis?

A

protoporphyrin 9

36
Q

how many mL of oxgen can a single hemoglobin carry?

A

1.34 mL of oxygen

37
Q

The 4 heme groups that comprised the hemoglobin is connected by a _________w/c is made up of ______ and ______.

A

polypeptide chains (globins)
2-alpha- globin chains
2 non-alpha- globin chains

39
Q

What stage is present in heme synthesis wherein the cells still contains the mitochondria?

A

pronormoblasts stage to reticulocyte stage

41
Q

What is the end product of step five in heme synthesis?

A

protoporphyrinogen 9 (PPG9)

42
Q

What is the end product of step one in heme synthesis?

A

delta-aminolevulinic acid (d-ALA)

43
Q

where does the synthesis of heme occurs?

A

bone marrow

44
Q

What is the end product of step seven in heme synthesis?

A

heme

45
Q

What is the end product of step four in heme synthesis?

A

coproporphyrinogen (CPG III)

46
Q

what is the constant amount (mg) of iron can a single hemoglobin carry?

A

3.47 mg of iron

47
Q

most of the irons bound to transferrin is recycled rapidly and mainly to the ______ and ______.

A

erythroblast

reticulocytes

48
Q

What part of the body absorbs iron?

A

Gut

49
Q

how many polypeptide chains does the globon contains?

A

4 polypeptide chains

50
Q

Step 1:

Glycine + ________ 🔜 ___________

Enzyme:
Site:

A

Step 1:

Glycine + Succinyl CoA 🔜 delta-Aminolevulinic acid (d-ALA)

Enzyme: d-ALA synthetase

Site: Mitochondria

51
Q

Step 2:

_____molecules of d-ALA 🔜 ________ 🔜 _________

Enzyme:
Site:

A

Two
Pyrrole
Porphobilinogen (PBG)

E: d-ALA dehydrogenase and Glutathione
Site: cytoplasm

52
Q

Step 3:

____ PBG molecules 🔜 ______

Enzyme:
Site:

A 
Four (4)
Uroporphyrinogen III (UPG III)

Enzyme: UPG I synthetase and UPG III consynthetase
Site: Cytoplasm

53
Q

Step 4:

UPG III 🔜 ______

Site:
Enzyme:

A

Coproporphyrinogen III (CPGIII)

Enzyme: UPG dehydrogenase
Site: Cytoplasm

54
Q

STEP 5:

CPG III enters the ➡️ ______ ➡️ __________ (end product)

Site:
Enzyme:

A 
mitochondria
protoporphyrinogen 9 (PPG 9)

Enzyme: cog decarboxylase and cpg oxidase
site: cytoplasm

55
Q

Step 6:

Conversion of PPG 9 🔜 ______

Site:

A

Protoporphyrin 9

Site: mitochondria

56
Q

How many % of stored iron does the body contains?

A

25% in hepatoctyes and macrophage

57
Q

STEP 7:

Protoporphyrin 9 ➡️ insertion of ___ (iron form) @ the ___ (position) of the molecule 🔜 _____ (end product)

Enzyme:

A

STEP 7:

Protoporphyrin 9 ➡️ insertion of Fe2+ @ the center of the molecule 🔜 HEME

Enzyme: heme synthetase (ferrochelatase)

58
Q

The major organelle of heme synthesis

A

mitochondria

60
Q

What is the end product of step two in heme synthesis?

A

porphobilinogen (pbg)

63
Q

The ferric ions in the food is partially reduced to _______ state. The reduction of ferric ions is caused by ______ and ______.

A

ferrous ion;

low ph
ascorbic acid

66
Q

What are the components of heme?

A

carbon
nitrogen
hydrogen with ferrous ion

67
Q

how many amino acids does the globin contains?

A

141 - 146 amino acids

98
Q

Give situations wherein loss of iron is significant

A

🍭 genetic abnormality problem with absorption of iron
🍭 inc. blood loss
🍭 inc. need of iron

A. HEMA111 (4 decks)

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