Hemoglobin Synthesis Flashcards
what will happen to myoglobin when there is myocardial infarct or muscle destruction?
inc. myoglobin
Ferritin is seen in ________ and found in the _______.
hepatocytes; liver
What renders the rbc red?
ferroprotoporphyrin 9/ heme
Transport iron across the cell membrane
ferroportin
This functional iron is found in the blood stream
hemoglobin
this functional iron is found in the muscles
myoglobin
T/F: 2/4 of iron is in storage form
False: 1/4 of iron isin stoarge form
What are the two storeage forms of irons?
ferritin
hemosiderin
what form of iron is found in transferrin?
ferric form (fe3+)
What is the transport protein for iron?
Transferrin
the ave american diet of iron is 10-20 mg iron per day, how much iron is only absorbed by the body?
1-2 mg of iron
Give three functions of iron
carrier of electrons;
binds with cofactors;
catalyst for oxygenation, hydroxylation and other metabolic process
Iron is capable of undergoing ________ and _______.
oxidation; reduction
What are the components found in hemoglobin?
iron
heme
globin
iron is ______ in excess amounts
toxic
hemosiderin is seen in ______ and found in ________.
macrophages; bone marrow
What is the end product of step three in heme synthesis?
uroporphobilinogen III (UPG III)
Who are the most common individuals that has inc. need of iron?
🍭 pregnant women
🍭 newborns
🍭 children (esp. micronutrient deficiency)
Iron that is incorporated into hemoglobin molecules
Heme
what is the FUNCTIONAL form of iron?
Fe2+ or ferrous
what are the two most functional iron in humans?
hemoglobin & myoglobin
How many percent of iron does the body?
65% of iron
what is the non-functional form of iron? it is also known as _____
ferric (fe3+) ; methemoglobin
what form of iron is found mainly in the food?
ferric ions
What is reason of converting iron (fe3+) into ferrous form?
The ferric ion form cannot bind to o2 (non - functional state)
Iron can also be released from _________?
hemoglobin catabolism
how many grams/dl of hemoglobin is found in a single rbc?
34 g/dL
Hemoglobin is also known as?
respiratory pigment
It is the main component of rbc
hemoglobin
How many heme group comprised hemoglobin?
4 heme groups
Average american diet for irons
10-20 mg iron/day
What is the end product of step six in heme synthesis?
protoporphyrin 9
how many mL of oxgen can a single hemoglobin carry?
1.34 mL of oxygen
The 4 heme groups that comprised the hemoglobin is connected by a _________w/c is made up of ______ and ______.
polypeptide chains (globins)
2-alpha- globin chains
2 non-alpha- globin chains
What stage is present in heme synthesis wherein the cells still contains the mitochondria?
pronormoblasts stage to reticulocyte stage
What is the end product of step five in heme synthesis?
protoporphyrinogen 9 (PPG9)
What is the end product of step one in heme synthesis?
delta-aminolevulinic acid (d-ALA)
where does the synthesis of heme occurs?
bone marrow
What is the end product of step seven in heme synthesis?
heme
What is the end product of step four in heme synthesis?
coproporphyrinogen (CPG III)
what is the constant amount (mg) of iron can a single hemoglobin carry?
3.47 mg of iron
most of the irons bound to transferrin is recycled rapidly and mainly to the ______ and ______.
erythroblast
reticulocytes
What part of the body absorbs iron?
Gut
how many polypeptide chains does the globon contains?
4 polypeptide chains
Step 1:
Glycine + ________ 🔜 ___________
Enzyme:
Site:
Step 1:
Glycine + Succinyl CoA 🔜 delta-Aminolevulinic acid (d-ALA)
Enzyme: d-ALA synthetase
Site: Mitochondria
Step 2:
_____molecules of d-ALA 🔜 ________ 🔜 _________
Enzyme:
Site:
Two
Pyrrole
Porphobilinogen (PBG)
E: d-ALA dehydrogenase and Glutathione
Site: cytoplasm
Step 3:
____ PBG molecules 🔜 ______
Enzyme:
Site:
Four (4) Uroporphyrinogen III (UPG III)
Enzyme: UPG I synthetase and UPG III consynthetase
Site: Cytoplasm
Step 4:
UPG III 🔜 ______
Site:
Enzyme:
Coproporphyrinogen III (CPGIII)
Enzyme: UPG dehydrogenase
Site: Cytoplasm
STEP 5:
CPG III enters the ➡️ ______ ➡️ __________ (end product)
Site:
Enzyme:
mitochondria protoporphyrinogen 9 (PPG 9)
Enzyme: cog decarboxylase and cpg oxidase
site: cytoplasm
Step 6:
Conversion of PPG 9 🔜 ______
Site:
Protoporphyrin 9
Site: mitochondria
How many % of stored iron does the body contains?
25% in hepatoctyes and macrophage
STEP 7:
Protoporphyrin 9 ➡️ insertion of ___ (iron form) @ the ___ (position) of the molecule 🔜 _____ (end product)
Enzyme:
STEP 7:
Protoporphyrin 9 ➡️ insertion of Fe2+ @ the center of the molecule 🔜 HEME
Enzyme: heme synthetase (ferrochelatase)
The major organelle of heme synthesis
mitochondria
What is the end product of step two in heme synthesis?
porphobilinogen (pbg)
The ferric ions in the food is partially reduced to _______ state. The reduction of ferric ions is caused by ______ and ______.
ferrous ion;
low ph
ascorbic acid
What are the components of heme?
carbon
nitrogen
hydrogen with ferrous ion
how many amino acids does the globin contains?
141 - 146 amino acids
Give situations wherein loss of iron is significant
🍭 genetic abnormality problem with absorption of iron
🍭 inc. blood loss
🍭 inc. need of iron
