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HEMA311 > Hemoglobin > Flashcards

Hemoglobin Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to erythrocytes with normal amount of hemoglobin
Possesses a central pallor which is about 1/3 of its diameter

A

Normochromic cell

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2
Q

Refers to erythrocytes wherein the central light area of the cell is larger and paler than normal

A

Hypochromic cell

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3
Q

In a hypochromic cell, what is the result of its MCH and MCHC?

A

Decreased

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4
Q

Where is hypochromic cell often associated with?

A

Microcytosis

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5
Q

Red cells which have an increased Hb content and wherein the central light area is smaller than normal

A

Hyperchromic cell

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6
Q

Variation in Hemoglobin content

A

Normochromic cell
Hypochromic cell
Hyperchromic cell

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7
Q

Variation in staining property

A

Polychromasia
Hypochromasia
Hyperchromasia

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8
Q

This condition wherein the red cell are stained with various shades of blue with tinges of pink

A

Polychromatophilia
Polychromasia
Diffuse basophilia

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9
Q

This is due to the combination of the affinity of hemoglobin to acid stain and the affinity of RNA to the basic dye

A

Polychromasia
Polychromatophilia
Diffuse basophilia

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10
Q

This variation in staining property is slightly microcytic and indicates reticulocytosis

A

Polychromasia

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11
Q

Polychromasia grading:
Slight - ?
1+ - ?
2+ - ?
3+ - ?
4+ - ?

A

1%
3%
5%
10%
>11%

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12
Q

Condition wherein the red cells appear pale

A

Hypochromasia

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13
Q

What are the 2 possible causes of hypochromasia?

A

Decrease hemoglobin concentration
Abnormal thinness of the cells: IDA, Sideroblastic anemia, thalassemia

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14
Q

Hypochromasia grading
1+ - ?
2+ - ?
3+ - ?
4+ - ?

A

Area of central pallor is 1/2 of cell diameter
Area of central pallor is 2/3 of cell diameter
Area of central pallor is 3/4 of cell diameter
Thin rim of hemoglobin

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15
Q

Condition wherein the red cell are deeply stained to abnormal thickness of cells

A

Hyperchromasia

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16
Q

Causes of hyperchromasia

A

Macrocytosis
Spherocytosis
Megaloblastic anemia

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17
Q

Variation in size

A

Normocyte
Macrocyte
Microcyte
Megalocyte

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18
Q

Condition where in the red cells vary in size both macrocytes and microcytes coexist on the same smear

A

Anisocytosis

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19
Q

What is the diameter of a normocyte?

A

6-8 um

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20
Q

What are the associated diseases for anisocytosis?

A

Normal condition acute hemorrhagic anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Aplastic anemia

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21
Q

Cell that is larger than normal greater than 8 um in size round in shape
MCV > 100 FL

A

Macrocyte

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22
Q

The defect in macrocytes

A

Abnormal nuclear maturation but normal cytoplasmic maturation

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23
Q

Associated diseases for macrocytes:

A

Non-megaloblastic anemia myelodysplastic syndrome
Chronic liver disease
Bone marrow failure
Reticulocytosis

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24
Q

Cell which is less than 6 um in size
MCV < 80 FL

A

Microcyte

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25
Q

Defects of microcytes:

A

Abnormal cytoplasmic maturation but normal nuclear maturation

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26
Q

Where is microcytosis found in?

A

Iron deficiency anemia
Thalassemia
Hemolytic anemia
Hb E disease
Inflammation
Chronic post hemorrhagic anemia
Sideroblastic anemia

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27
Q

Large oval-shaped red cell which is 9-12 um

A

Megalocyte

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28
Q

Defect of megalocyte

A

Abnormal nuclear maturation but normal cytoplasmic maturation

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29
Q

Where is megalocytosis found in?

A

Megaloblastic anemia like pernicious anemia
Anemia
Vitamin b12 deficiency anemia
Diphyllobothrium latum

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30
Q

The functional definition if it is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

A

Anemia

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31
Q

It is defined operationally as a reduction in the hemoglobin content of blood.

A

Anemia

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32
Q

What can cause anemia?

A

Insufficient hemoglobin or the hemoglobin impaired function

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33
Q

Abnormal variation in RBC shape
Associated with severe anemia

A

Poikilocytosis

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34
Q

Small, round, dense RBC with no central pallor
Associated with hereditary spherocytosis, immune hemolytic anemia, extensive burns (schistocytes)

A

Spherocyte

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35
Q

Elliptical (cigar-shaped), oval (egg-shaped), RBC
Associated with:
Hereditary elliptocytosis/ovalocytosis
Iron deficiency anemia
Thalassemia major
Myelophthisic anemias

A

Elliptocyte
Ovalocyte

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36
Q

RBC with slit-like area of central pallor
Associated with:
Hereditary stomatocytosis
Rh deficiency syndrome
Acquired stomatocytosis (liver disease, alcoholism)
Artifact

A

Stomatocyte

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37
Q

Thin, dense, elongated RBC pointed at each end; may be curved
Associated with sickle cell anemia
Sickle cell-Beta thalassemia

A

Sickle cell

38
Q

Hexagonal crystal of dense hemoglobin formed within the RBC membrane
Associated with Hb C disease

A

Hb C crystal

39
Q

Fingerlike or quartz-like crystal of dense hemoglobin protruding from the RBC membrane
Associated with Hb SC disease

A

Hb SC crystal

40
Q

RBC with hemoglobin concentrated in the center and around the periphery resembling a target
Associated with:
Liver disease
Hemoglobinopathies
Thalassemia

A

Target cell
Codocyte

41
Q

Fragmented RBC due to rupture in the peripheral circulation
Associated with:
Microangipathic hemolytic anemia (along with microspherocytes)
Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia
Extensive burns (along with microspherocytes)

A

Schistocyte (schizocyte)

42
Q

RBC fragment in shape of a helmet
Same associations as schistocyte

A

Helmet cell
Keratocyte

43
Q

RBC with membrane folded over
Associated with:
Hb C disease
Hb SC disease

A

Folded Cell
Biscuit Cell

44
Q

Small, dense RBC with few irregularly spaced projections of varying length
Associated with:
Severe liver disease (spur cell anemia)
Neurocanthocytosis (abetalipoproteinemia, McLeod syndrome)

A

Acanthocyte
Spur cell

45
Q

RBC with blunt or pointed, short projections that are usually evenly spaced over the surface of cell; present in all fields of blood film but in variable numbers per field
Associated with:
Uremia
Pyruvate kinase deficiency

A

Burr cell
Echinocyte

46
Q

RBC with a single pointed extension resembling a teardrop or pear
Associated with:
Primary myelofibrosis
Myelophthisic anemia
Thalassemia
Megaloblastic anemia

A

Tear drop cell
Dacrocyte

47
Q

Defect: abnormal membrane defect caused by an increase sphingomyelin and decrease in cholesterol and phospholipid

A

Acanthocytes

48
Q

Defect: cell membrane is folded

A

Biscuit cell
Folded RBC

49
Q

Defect: abnormal lipid content of the membrane

A

Burr cell
Echinocyte

50
Q

Defect: G6P deficiency resulting to accumulation of Heinz bodies

A

Blister cell
Bite cell

51
Q

Aka crenated cells, sea-urchin cell

A

Echinocytes

52
Q

Defect: ATP deficiency due to prolonged storage of anti-coagulated blood
Pathologically, due to abnormal lipid content of the membrane

A

Echinocytes
Crenated cells

53
Q

Aka mexican hat

A

Codocytes

54
Q

Defect: deficiency in cholesterol, phospholipid in the membrane
Deficiency in lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT)

A

Codocytes

55
Q

Defect: abnormal maturation squeezing and fragmentation during splenic passage

A

Teardrop cell
Dacryocyte

56
Q

Defect: abnormal membrane due to defective spectrin, deficiency in band protein 4.1

A

Elliptocytes

57
Q

Hemoglobin appears to be concentrated at the two ends of the cell leaving a normal central area of pallor.
Life span is shortened
Can be found in: healthy person

A

Elliptocytosis

58
Q

Defect: Primary: spectrin deficiency
Secondary: defective interaction of spectrin with other skeletal proteins

A

Spherocyte

59
Q

Cells become smaller and denser with increase Hb content and become less deformable with age
Shortened survival time because they can be sequestered in the spleen and destroyed

A

Spherocytes

60
Q

Aka drepanocytes

A

Sickle cells

61
Q

Crescent shape cel due to abnormal aggregation of HbS which gives a tendency for the cell to assume a sickle shape

A

Sickle cells

62
Q

Cell fragmentation due to trauma caused by physical and mechanical agents

A

Schizocyte

63
Q

Aka mouth cells

A

Stomatocytes

64
Q

Characterized by an elongated or slit-like area of central pallor
Caused by osmotic changes due to cation imbalance (Na, K)

A

Stomatocyte

65
Q

Appearance in supravital stain of diffuse basophilia

A

Dark blue granules and filaments in cytoplasm

66
Q

Appearance of diffuse basophilia in wright stain

A

Bluish tinge throughout cytoplasm; also called polychromasia (seen in polychromatic erythrocytes)

67
Q

What is the diffuse basophilia inclusion composed of?

A

RNA

68
Q

What are the associated diseases for diffuse basophilia?

A

Hemolytic anemia
After treatment for iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency

68
Q

What are the associated diseases for diffuse basophilia?

A

Hemolytic anemia
After treatment for iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency

69
Q

What is the appearance of basophilic stippling in supravital stain?

A

Dark blue-purple, fine or coarse punctate granules distributed throughout cytoplasm

70
Q

What is the appearance of basophilic stippling in Wright stain?

A

Dark blue-purple, fine or coarse punctate granules distributed throughout the cytoplasma

71
Q

What is the inclusion of the basophilic stippling composed of?

A

Precipitated RNA

72
Q

Associated diseases of basophilic stippling

A

Lead poisoning
Thalassemia
Hemoglobinopathies
Megaloblastic anemia
Myelodysplastic syndrom

73
Q

Appearance of Howell-Jolly body

A

Dark blue-purple dense, round granule; usually one per cell; occasionally multiple

74
Q

Appearance of Howell-Jolly body in Wright Stain

A

Dark blue-purple dense, round granule; usually one per cell; occasionally multiple

75
Q

What is the inclusion of Howell-Jolly body composed of?

A

Denatured hemoglobin

76
Q

What are the diseases associated with Heinz body?

A

G6PD deficiency
Unstable hemoglobins
Oxidant drugs/chemicals

77
Q

Appearance of Pappenheimer bodies in supravital stain

A

Irregular clusters of small, light to dark blue granules, often near periphery of cell

78
Q

Appearance of Pappenheimer bodies in Wright stain

A

Irregular clusters of small, light to dark blue granules, often near periphery of cell

79
Q

Associated diseases with Pappenheimer bodies

A

Sideroblastic anemia
Hemoglobinopathies
Thalassemias
Megaloblastic anemia
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Hyposplenism
Post-splenectomy

80
Q

What is the appearanc eof cabot ring in supravital stain?

A

Rings or figure-eights

81
Q

What is the appearance of cabot rings in wright stain?

A

Blue rings or figure-eights

82
Q

What is the inclusion of cabot rings composed of?

A

Remnant of mitotic spindle

83
Q

Diseases associated with cabot rings

A

Megaloblastic anemia
Myelodysplastic syndromes

84
Q

What is the appearance of Hb H in supravital stain?

A

Fine, evenly dispersed, dark blue granules, imparts “golf ball” appearance to RBCs

85
Q

What is the appearance of Hb H in Wright stain?

A

Not visible

86
Q

What is the inclusion of Hb H composed of?

A

Precipitate of Beta-globin chains of hemoglobin

87
Q

What is the associated disease with Hb H?

A

Hb H disease

88
Q

Stacks of coins

A

Rouleaux formation

89
Q

Red cell is colored RED

A

Acid stain of erythrocytes

90
Q

If buffer solution is too alkaline, red cell are colored dirty gray

A

Alkaline stain of erythrocytes

91
Q

Caused by fat or oil on the slide ahead of the spreader during the smear preparation

A

Design formation of RBC

HEMA311 (5 decks)

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