Hemoflagellates Flashcards
What is the difference between the Stercoraria and Salivaria subgenuses of the genus Trypanosoma of the Hemoflagellates?
a. location of where the parasite develops in the vector
b. whether development in the mammalian host is continuous or discontinuous
c. both of these
d. neither of these
a.location of where the parasite develops in the vector
Along with a kinetoplast, hemoflagellates also have:
a. multiple mitochondria
b. only amastigote forms
c. glycosomes
d. none of the above
c. glycosomes
How do the trypomastigote, epimastigote, promastigote, and amastigote forms differ regarding the overall morphology of the hemoflagellates?
a. some have cilia instead of flagella
b. how they divide and how many progeny they produce
c. location of kinetoplast relative to nucleus and the single flagellum
d. they differ in how they interact with hosts, not with respect to morphology
c. location of kinetoplast relative to nucleus and the single flagellum
True/False: Hemoflagellates have cyst forms.
False
True/False: T.cruzi demonstrates intracellular pathogenesis through lysosome-mediated entry of an infected cell.
True
One of the most significant presentations of Chagas disease, caused by t. cruzi, is:
a. heart complications
b. diarrhea
c. fevers
d. swelling
a. heart complications
The cell-funeral hypothesis explains how:
a. All hemoflagellates abort cells they can’t live in
b. All hemoflagellates kill cells they live in by promoting apoptosis and then invading another cell. c. t.cruzi kills lymph tissues, affecting the immune system
d. t.cruzi infection results in host T cells killing other host cells
d. t.cruzi infection results in host T cells killing other host cells
What do xenodiagnosis studies show?
a. There is communication between parasites and vectors that recruit parasites to feeding vectors
b. It is a quick method by which to diagnose disease
c. It can only be used to detect leishmaniasis.
d. Animals are responsible for the transmission of many parasitic infections.
a. There is communication between parasites and vectors that recruit parasites to feeding vectors
The vector for T. brucei brucei, T. brucei gambiense, and T. brucei rhodesiense is:
a. reduviid bug
b. kissing bug
c. tsetse fly
d. sandfly
c. tsetse fly
The most important question to ask during the differential diagnosis of an infection from T. brucei is:
a. How long the patient has shown symptoms
b. Has the patient been to east or west Africa
c. Which animals has the patient recently contacted
d. Has the patient ever had these symptoms before
b. Has the patient been to east or west Africa
All of the following are characteristics of hemoflagellates except:
a. the presence of kinetoplasts
b. undulating membrane
c. numerous mitochondria
d. subpellicular microtubules
c.numerous mitochondria
What is the correct taxonomy of the parasite T. cruzi from phylum to genus?
a. Mastigophora, Sarcomastigophora, Sarcodina, Trypanosmatidae, Trypanosoma
b. Sarcomastigophora, Mastigophora, Kinestoplastida, Trypanosomatidae, Trypanosoma
c. Sarcomastigophora, Mastigophora, Trapanosomatidae, Kinetoplastida, Trypanosoma
d. Sarcomastigophora, Sarcodina, Kinetoplastida, Trypansoma, Leishmania
b. Sarcomastigophora, Mastigophora, Kinestoplastida, Trypanosomatidae, Trypanosoma
True/False: Visceral Leishmaniasis mainly infects the elderly people of Europe.
False
In RNA editing in kinetoplastids,what does TUTase stand for?
a. 5’terminal uridylyl transferase
b. 3’terminal uridylyl transferase
c. 5’ terminal uridine transferase
d. 3’ terminal uridine transferase
b. 3’terminal uridylyl transferase
- Each of the following statements concerning Trichomonas vaginalis is correct except:
a. T. vaginalis is transmitted by venereal contact
b. T. vaginalis can be diagnosed by visualizing the trophozoite
c. T. vaginalis can be treated effectively with metronidazole
d. T. vaginalis causes dysentry
d. T. vaginalis causes dysentry
TRUE/FALSE. Leishmaniasis is considered an opportunistic infection and is grouped among those diseases that take advantage of immunocompromised individuals.
True
The causative agent for visceral leishmaniasis, also known as dumdum fever, or kala-azar, is:
a. Leishmania tropica
b. Leishmania mexicana
c. Leishmania donovani
d. none of the above
c. Leishmania donovani
Which of the following are the three clinical manifestations of Leishmania in humans?
a. cutaneous, visceral, intestinal
b. visceral, cutaneous, mucocutaneous
c. subcutaneous, visceral, nasopharyngeal
d. cutaneous, subcutaneous, peritoneal
b. visceral, cutaneous, mucocutaneous
In a leishmaniasis infection, replacement of infected cells produces hyperplasia and consequent enlargement of visceral organs associated with the system, such as the [BLANK] and [BLANK]
a. spleen and liver
b. spleen and gallbladder
c. liver and pancreas
d. liver and thymus
a. spleen and liver
TRUE/FALSE. When the identification of intracellular amastigotes from blood and tissue smears are inconclusive, xenodiagnosis can be used but is often time consuming.
True
In humans, the initial sign of cutaneous leishmaniasis infection is
a. Winterbottom’s sign
b. primary lesion
c. vascularized papule
d. ulcerated papule
c. vascularized papule
The infective morophological form of the protozoan Trypanosoma in humans is the
a. procyclic trypomastigote
b. metacyclic trypomastigote
c. epimastigote
d. amastigote
b.metacyclic trypomastigote
Fluctuations in the number of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is widely attributed to its ability to vary the chemical composition of its [BLANK]
a. variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs)
b. variant antigenic types (VATs
c. antigenic presenting cells (APCs)
d. none of the above
a.variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs)
T/F: The American form of trypanosomiasis is caused by Trypanosoma vivax.
False
T/F: Free-living amoebas are intestinal blood parasites.
False
T/F: Both trophozoites and cysts are found in Naegleria fowleri.
False
T/F: Both trophozoites and cysts are found in Acanthamoeba species.
True
High prevalence of antibodies to Naegleria is found in [BLANK]
a. young adults in southeastern USA
b. middle-aged adults in southeastern USA
c. children in southeastern USA
d. none of the above
a.young adults in southeastern USA
Naegleria fowleri produce sucker-like appendages or [BLANK] that ‘nibble’ away at the tissue culture cells.
a. amebostomes
b. pseudopods
c. cilia
d. suction appendages
a.amebostomes
[BLANK] is associated with contamination of contact lens fluid.
a. Acanthamoeba keratitis
b. Naeglera fowleri
c. Entamoeba histolytica
d. Entamoeba coli
a.Acanthamoeba keratitis
Balantidium coli undergoes sexual reproduction by [BLANK]
conjugation
T/F: The cysts of Balantidium coli have cilia.
True
Which of the following are human reservoirs of Balantidium coli?
a. Pigs
b. Rats
c. Monkeys
d. A and B
e. A and C
e. A and C
[BLANK] results in intermittend watery diarrhea with stools containing mucus and blood.
a. Influenza
b. Lyme Disease
c. Balantidial dysentery
d. Cholera
c. Balantidial dysentery
T/F: A fool-proof way to detect infection by an amoeba is through the discovery of cysts in feces.
False
The “eyes” in Giardia lamblia are its [BLANK]
a. Nuclei
b. Lysosomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Vacuoles
a. Nuclei
*TRUE/FALSE. Babesiosis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis and cyclosporidiosis belong to the phylum Apicomplexa.
True
This complex of organelles are found in the sporozoite and merozoite stages of the life cycles of these organisms
a. rhoptries
b. apical complex
c. polar rings
d. none of the above
b.apical complex
TRUE/FALSE. The entire life span of the four species of Plasmodium that infect humans is spent in two hosts: the female mosquito insect vector and a human host.
True
TRUE/FALSE: Cysts are the site of nuclear division in Giardia lamblia
true
Maturing cysts in Giardia lamblia gain:
a. one more nucleus
b. two more nuclei
c. three more nuclei
d. they don’t gain nuclei, they lose them
b. two more nuclei
TRUE/FALSE. If you let feces of an individual with Giardia lamblia settle, a layer of fat will become apparent.
True
What gives the feces of individuals infected with Giardia lamblia its distinctive smell?
a. The byproducts of the parasite’s metabolism
b. The Giardia lamblia cysts
c. The layer of fat present
d. None of the above
c. The layer of fat present
Giardia lamblia infection is commonly seen in:
a. Children 6-10 years of age
b. Daycare centers
c. Homosexual males
d. Wilderness campers
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Giardia produces an IgA
a. Antibody
b. Protease
c. Antigen
d. Complement
b. Protease
True/False: Dientamoeba fragilis is not invasive.
True
TRUE/FALSE. The trophozoites of Trichomonas species are very active and motile.
True
TRUE/FALSE. Men are assymptomatic carriers of Trichomonas vaginalis.
True
Infection of T. vaginalis in women is seen less if:
a. They shower daily
b. They use oral contraceptives
c. They change their underwear hourly
d. They move up north
b. They use oral contraceptives
How does T. vaginalis change the pH of the vagina?
a. It makes it more acidic
b. It makes it more alkaline
c. It fluctuates the pH to disrupt the normal microflora
d. It does not alter the pH
b. It makes it more alkaline
What structure in Trichomonas resemble the mitochondria?
a. Proteosome
b. Lysochondria
c. Hydrogenosome
d. All of the above work together to produce the same results as the mitochondria
c. Hydrogenosome
How would one describe the parasites of T. vaginalis when observed in a wet mount?
a. Non-motile
b. Slow moving
c. Active
d. Very active
d. Very active
TRUE/FALSE. The metronidazole drug used to treat T. vaginalis forms an intermediate that is toxic, damaging DNA and other
macromolecules.
True
Which alteration of the vagina will help treat T. vaginalis?
a. Lowering the pH to 4.5
b. Exposing it to high temperatures
c. Applying vagisil
d. Frequent showers throughout the day
a. Lowering the pH to 4.5
Which of the following parasitic stages is characterized by asexual division?
a. Merozoite
b. Trophozoite
c. Sporozoite
d. Schizont
d. Schizont
In Plasmodium, the asexual phase [BLANK], occurs in the human, whereas the sexual phase [BLANK], occurs in the mosquito
a. gamogony;schizogony
b. schizogony;gamogony
c. sporogony;gamogony
d. gamogony;sporogony
b. schizogony;gamogony
In the fourth morphological form among hemoflagellates, many types of polymorphism are exhibited. These are
a. long, slender trypomastigote
b. stumpy trypomastigote
c. long, binucleate trypomastigote
d. a & b
d. a & b
What organelle in the cytoplasm of Protozoa is used mainly for osmoregulation?
a. Cytostome
b. Contractile Vacuole
c. Microneme
d. Peristome
b.Contractile Vacuole
What is the main function of IgE?
a. prevents colonization of areas by pathogens
b. triggering histamine release from mast cells
c. provides immunity against invading pathogens
d. eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell mediated immunity
b.triggering histamine release from mast cells
