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MSS - CV Exam 1 > Hemodynamics, Systemic Circulation > Flashcards

Hemodynamics, Systemic Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

structure of aorta

A

lots of elastic fiber

largest wall thickness

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2
Q

precapillary sphincter vs arteriole?

A

sphincter has a thicker wall

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3
Q

composition of capillary?

A

just endothelial cells

venules are also only endothelial cells**

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4
Q

arteries

A

thick elastic walls

serve as pressure reservoir

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5
Q

veins

A

serve as blood reservoir

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6
Q

arterioles

A

resistance vessels

can contract smooth vessels to increase resistance

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7
Q

capillaries

A

site of exchange

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8
Q

where is most of blood volume

A

systemic greater than pulmonary

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9
Q

veins

A

volume reservoir

2nd reserve is pulmonary circulation

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10
Q

immediate blood loss?

A

veins are a reservoir

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11
Q

most of volume where?

A

systemic veins

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12
Q

where is blood pressure highest?

A

at the aorta

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13
Q

where is greatest pressure drop?

A

at the level of the arterioles

resistance vessels

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14
Q

arteries and BP?

A

maintain the MAP

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15
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

driving force for blood flow
pressure gradient

must be maintained to ensure adequate blood supply

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16
Q

auscultatory BP?

A

SBP

DBP

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17
Q

palpatory BP?

A

SBP

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18
Q

systolic pressure

A

higher

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19
Q

diastolic pressure

A

lower

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20
Q

korotkoff sounds

A

turbulent flow that is heard when measuring a blood pressure

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21
Q

how to approximate mean pressure in arteries?

A

time spent in diastole is greater**

MAP = DBP + 1/3 PP

PP is difference between systolic and diastolic

MAP = DBP + 1/3 (SBP - DBP)

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22
Q

what happens during exercise with mean pressure?

A

spend less time in diastole than at rest

MAP = DBP + 1/2 (SBP - DBP)

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23
Q

where is blood pressure when standing the highest?

A

dorsalis pedis

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24
Q

effect of gravity on blood pressure?

A

when standing

  • hydrostatic pressure increases
  • you have a fluid column

much greater pressure at level of the feet

decreased pressure as you go above the heart

  • *this is important when going from supine to standing and the pooling in the veins due to the greater pressure
  • you become light headed
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25
Q

cross sectional area?

A

greatest at the capillaries

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26
Q

velocity of flow?

A

slowest at capillaries

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27
Q

aorta CSA?

A

greatest diameter, smallest CSA

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28
Q

blood flow rate?

A

L/min

volume of blood per unit time

equal for ALL segments

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29
Q

fick principle

A

indirect method to determine blood flow

based on total O2 consumption and difference between arterial and venous O2 content

30
Q

fick principle equation?

A

CO = oxygen consumption / arterial - venous O2

Q = VO2 / A - V O2 difference

31
Q

blood flow velocity?

A

mm/sec

highest in aorta
lowest in capillaries

32
Q

flow velocity?

A

flow velocity = flow / cross sectional area

33
Q

laminar flow

A

silent

34
Q

turbulent flow

A

produces murmurs

35
Q

reynolds number?

A

threshold from where you transition from silent flow to turbulent flow

36
Q

what can cause increased turbulent flow?

A
  • *increase in velocity of blood flow
  • local decrease in diameter

increased diameter
decreased viscosity

37
Q

which vessel would likely first develop turbulent flow in an anemic patient?

A

????

38
Q

C?

A

C = deltaV / deltaP

39
Q

compliance?

A

given change in pressure, what is the change in volume

40
Q

systemic veins?

A

20x more compliant

serve as major blood reservoir

41
Q

effect of aging on pulse pressure

A

compliance of vessels decreased

and an increase in pulse pressure

42
Q

compliant artery?

A

smaller pulse pressure vs a stiffer artery

43
Q

LaPlace’s Law

A

wall stress
-effect of pressure, radius, wall thickness

T ~ P x r / 2h

44
Q

LaPlace and BP?

A

2x radius has to withstand 2x wall tension

45
Q

greatest wall tension?

A

aorta

46
Q

arteries and wall tension?

A

fibrous bands reinforce to protect against aneurysm

47
Q

damage or reduction of elastic fibers?

A

vessels enlarge - aneurysm

48
Q

driving force for blood flow?

A

pressure gradient

49
Q

flow = ?

A

Flow = pressure gradient / resistance

50
Q

CO = ?

A

MAP / TPR

TPR - total peripheral resistance

CO = Q = cardiac output = flow

51
Q

Ohm’s Law =?

A

I = V/R

52
Q

flow regulation?

A

by resistance

not enough blood to supply entire body

alter the resistance

53
Q

in series?

A

flow is equal at all points

adding resistance always increases overall resistance

total resistance always greater than any one individual

54
Q

in parallel?

A

flow can be independently regulated

adding resistance in parallel decreases overall resistance

total resistance always less than any one individual

55
Q

what does parallel allow?

A

allows for regulation of flow distribution while maintaining MAP

obesity - adds in parallel, decreasing TPR, necessitating increased CO to maintain MAP

56
Q

where is adequate flow always required?

A

brain and heart

57
Q

flow?

A

inversely proportional to resistance

58
Q

Poiseuille’s law

A

radius is key determinant to resistance

increased radius
decrease resistance
increase flow

59
Q

blood flow is proportional to what?

A

directly to radius to 4th power
directly to pressure gradient
inversely to vessel length and blood viscosity

60
Q

anemia?

A

decreases viscosity, increases flow

61
Q

polycythemia?

A

increases viscosity, decreases flow

62
Q

two ways to control resistance to flow?

A

extrinsic - neural, endocrine

intrinsic -

63
Q

biggest influence on resistance?

A

sympathetic influence

64
Q

vasoconstriction?

A

alpha-1 receptors

65
Q

vasodilation?

A

beta-2 receptors

66
Q

endocrine/paracrine influence?

A

influence vascular tone

67
Q

key for extrinsic regulation of TPR?

A

total peripheral resistance

sympathetic nervous system

  • alpha 1 receptors
  • norepinephrine or epinephrine

promotes vasoconstriction

68
Q

example of extrinsic control

A

orthostatic hypertension

69
Q

intrinsic control?

A

matching blood flow to tissues need

mediated by local factors on arteriolar smooth muscle

70
Q

autoregulation

A

flow independent of blood pressure
flow proportional to tissue metabolism
flow independent of nervous reflexes

cerebral, coronary, skeletal muscle, renal tissues

MSS - CV Exam 1 (14 decks)

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