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ECHO > Hemodynamics/ Cath/ Contrast > Flashcards

Hemodynamics/ Cath/ Contrast Flashcards

1
Q

pulmonary hemodynamics

A
  1. low pressure
  2. low O2 content in artery
  3. low resistance
  4. RV wall is thin
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2
Q

systemic hemodynamics

A
  1. high pressure
  2. high resistance
  3. LV wall is thick
  4. high O2 content in artery
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3
Q

pulmonary components

A
  1. pulmonary artery
  2. arteries
  3. capillaries
  4. veins
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4
Q

systemic components

A
  1. aorta
  2. arteries
  3. arterioles
  4. capillaries
  5. veinules
  6. veins
  7. vena cava
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5
Q

arteries

A
  • elastic ,thick walled blood vessels

- expand during systole then recoil during diastole to keep blood moving forward

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6
Q

veins

A
  • thin walled blood vessels that collapse easy
  • able to expand rapidly to accommodate large volumes of blood
  • contain the majority of circulating blood.
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7
Q

blood

A
  • 54% of blood is plasma
  • 45% of blood is red blood cells( erythrocytes)
  • 1% of blood is white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes)
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8
Q

normal pressures for aorta

A

120/80

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9
Q

normal pressures for PCW

A

10

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10
Q

normal pressures for pulmonary artery

A

25/10

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11
Q

normal pressures for right atrium

A

8/5

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12
Q

normal pressures for right ventricle

A

20/0/5

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13
Q

normal pressures for left atrium

A

10/12

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14
Q

normal pressures for left ventricle

A

120/0/12

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15
Q

normal atrial pressures are about ____ in the RA and ___ in the LA. other than that the right sided pressures are approx. ___ of the left sided pressures.

A

RA= 6mmHg
LA=10mmHg
right sided pressures are apox1/5th the left sided pressures

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16
Q

what is the normal pressures in the pulmonary artery

A

25/10

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17
Q

oxygenated blood

A
  • 95% saturated (pink blood)

- starts in the pulmonary veins and continues to the end of the systemic arteries

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18
Q

deoxygenated blood

A
  • 75% saturated (blue blood)

- starts in the systemic veins and continues tot he pulmonary arteries

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19
Q

O2 saturation for aorta, LA, and LV

A

95%

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20
Q

O2 saturation for PA, RA, and RV

A

75%

21
Q

where is the O2 saturation the lowest?

A

coronary sinus (usually around 40%)

22
Q

O2 saturation in pulmonary veins

A

95%

23
Q

O2 saturation in pulmonary arteries

A

75%

24
Q

angiography

A

contrast medium injected while cineangiography film records results (vessel narrowing, regurg, shunts, EF).

25
Q

LV agiogram is also called

A
  1. ventriculography
  2. selective angiography
  3. angiocardiography
26
Q

best cathn technique for LV function

A

LV angiogram

27
Q

cardiac output (two types)

A
  1. flick method

2. angiographic technique

28
Q

flick method

A

measures O2 consumption divided by the difference in O2 content between arterial and pulmonary system

29
Q

angiographic technique

A

multiples the stroke volume by the heart rate

30
Q

oximetry

A

measures O2 saturation in various chambers (able to ect shunts by changes in O2 saturation)

31
Q

shunt size is calculated by

A

the difference between pulmonary and systemic blood flow

32
Q

acqure the lt atrial pressure during the rt heart cath via the

A

pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or the transeptal approach

33
Q

obtain the PCW/PCWP when

A

a flow directed ballon tip catheter (aka swan-ganz or rt heart cath) is passed from the RV into the pulmonary artery and allowed to float as far as it will go until its wedge into a pulmonary end artery

34
Q

The pressure distal to the wedge when obtaining the PCW/PCWP is an approx.

A

lt atrial pressure

35
Q

the pressure recorded when the ballon is deflated while trying to obtain PCW/PCWP is

A

the pulmonary artery pressure

36
Q

what is the pulmonary capillary wedge measuring

A

lLa pressure

37
Q

to determine AS where are catheters placed?

A
  1. one in the LV and one in the AO
  2. one in the LV and “pulled back” across the AoV
  3. one catheter with two separate sensors.
38
Q

high gain destroys

A

resolution

39
Q 
low frequency (2.5MHz) = 
high frequency (4.0MHz)=
A 
low= better penetration
high= better resolution
40
Q

fundamental imaging

A

transmit and receive at the same time

41
Q

harmonic imaging

A

transmit at one frequency and receive at the 2nd harmonic (twice the transmit frequency

42
Q

tissue harmonic imaging results in

A

thicker valve leaflets

43
Q

apical swirling of echo contrast for LVO is caused by

A

high MI

44
Q

Trans pulmonary contrast agents

A
  • various companies make echo contrast agents
  • bubbles are smaller than red blood cells
  • cross the pulmonary circuit
45
Q

trans pulmonary contrast agents are used for

A

left ventricular opacification when two or more contiguous segments are not seen from any apical view

46
Q

trans pulmonary contrast agents has various methods for infusion/administration _______ and machine settings for optial imaging______

A

infusion/admin= 1. bolus
2. continuopus infusion

optial imaging

  1. low MI
  2. focus
  3. harmonics
47
Q

swirling in the LV apex is caused by

A

the MI being too high or the amount of contrast injected is too low

48
Q

attenuation of contrast is caused by

A

the amount of contrast injected is too high or was injected too fast

ECHO (12 decks)

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