Hemodynamics Flashcards
Circulatory disorders:
Edema Hyperemia and Congestion Hemorrhage Thrombosis Embolism Infarction Shock
% of water from body weight
45-75% of body weight
Young, healthy men = 50-60%
Young, healthy women = 45-50%
* decreases with age
Decreased Osmotic pressure
Or
Reduced plasma osmotic pressure
Causes
Hypoproteinemia: liver disease 1- Protein losing glomerulopathies (nephrotic syndrome) 2- Liver cirrhosis 3- Malnutrition 4- Protein losing gastroenteropathy
~ 5% of total body fluid is in the…
vascular compartment
The balance between vascular hydrostatic pressure and plasma colloid osmotic pressure is the driving force that maintains movement of fluids between vascular and interstitial spaces
Normal fluid balance
may occur due to clotting disorders, or from trauma
Bleeding
Normally, the exit of fluid into the interstitium at the arteriolar end is almost balanced by
inflow of fluid from the interstitium back into the vascular bed at the venular end
In normal case
The blood net flow in arteriole is
Out
A small amount of fluid stays in the interstitium because
of little higher hydrostatic pressure to push fluids out
In acute inflammation the net flow changes are
Net flow out in arterioles and venules and capillaries
increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces
Edema
Distribution of Body Water
In intracellular and extracellular compartments
Intracellular compartment: 2/3 of body water (40% body weight) Extracellular compartment: 1/3 of body water (20% body weight) Plasma (water = 4% - 5% body weight) Interstitial fluid (water = 15% body weight)
pleural effusion
hydrothorax
Venous obstruction or compression
Causes of it
a- Thrombosis
b- External pressure (tumor)
c- Inactivity of lower limb
pericardial effusion
hydropericardium
A small amount of fluid stays in the interstitium because of little higher hydrostatic pressure to push fluids out
This little amount of fluid is drained back by…
Lymphatics
ascites
hydroperitoneum
Lymphatic obstruction
Causes
Elephantiasis
1-Inflammatory
2- Neoplastic
3- Post-surgical
4- Post-irradiation
Leaky vessels
Inflammation
Impaired venous return
Causes of it
1- Congestive heart failure
2- Constrictive pericarditis
3- Ascites (liver cirrhosis)
4- Venous obstruction or compression
Arteriolar dilation
Causes of it
1- Heat
2- Neurohumoral disturbance
3- Inflammation
Edema of the dependent parts of the body (e.g., the legs when standing) is a prominent feature of
cardiac failure, particularly of the right ventricle
Myocardial cells die after
20-30 minutes
is severe and generalized edema with profound subcutaneous tissue swelling
Anasarca