accumulation Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Glycogen accumulates in renal tubular epithelium , cradiac myocytes and beta cells of the islets in the pancreas.

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2
Q

Glycogen storage diseases

A

Enzymatic defects

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3
Q

Carbon

A

The most common exogenous pigment

In the lung and the hilar lymph nodes

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4
Q

Anthracosis

A

Carbon aggregates in the lung and hilar lymph nodes

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5
Q

Endogenous pigments

A

Lipofuscin, melanin and hemosiderin

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6
Q

an endogenous, brown-black pigment formed by melanocytes.

A

Melanin

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7
Q

represents complexes of lipid and protein that derive from the free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids of subcellular membranes.

A

Lipofuscin

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8
Q

not injurious to the cell but is important marker of past free radical injury.

A

Lipofuscin

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9
Q

accumulates in tissues when there is a local or systemic excess of iron

represents large aggregates of ferritin

A

Hemosiderin

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10
Q

pigment appears as perinuclear electron-dense granules

“brown atrophy” if apparent grossly

A

Lipofuscin

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11
Q

Affects mainly the interstitium of blood vessels, kidneys, lungs, and gastric mucosa.
Does not generally cause clinical dysfunction, unless the process is severe.

A

Metastatic calcification

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12
Q

in aortic valve is an important cause of aortic stenosis in the elderly

A

Dystrophic calcification

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13
Q

nephrocalcinosis

A

Metastatic calcification

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14
Q

adjacent basal keratinocytes in the skin can also accumulate the pigment (e.g., in freckles), or it may be accumulated in dermal macrophages.

A

Melanin

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15
Q

Haemoglobin derived golden-yellow to brown pigment.

A

Hemosiderin

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16
Q

abnormal deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium and other minerals.

A

Pathological calcification

17
Q

Deposition of calcium on dead or dying cells.

Normal levels of serum calcium

A

Dystrophic calcification

18
Q

Wear and tear pigment

A

Lipofuscin

19
Q

Grossly appears as fine white granules.

Microscopically: intracellular or extracellular basophilic deposits.

A

Dystrophic calcification

21
Q

Deposition of calcium in normal tissue in the presence of hypercalcemia.

A

Metastatic calcification

21
Q

Causes of hypercalcemia:

A

Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone.
Destruction of bone by tumors.
Vitamin-D related disorders.
Renal failure.

22
Q

fatty liver

A

Abnormal metabolism of substances

23
Q

alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

A

Defective folding and transport of proteins

24
Q

storage diseases

A

Genetic or acquired lack of enzyme

25
Steatosis
abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells Liver is the most common organ affected, but heart, skeletal muscles and kidney may be affected. Fatty changes are reversible.
26
Causes of fatty change
Toxins: alcohol is the most common cause. Protein malnutrition: due to decrease in the synthesis of apolipoproteins. Diabetes mellitus Obesity Anoxia and starvation
27
by light microscopy as small fat vacuoles in the cytoplasm around the nucleus. With accumulation, the organ enlarges and becomes progressively yellow, greasy & soft
Fatty change
28
Mainly accumulates in macrophages, leading to the formation of foam cells.
Cholesterol and it’s esters
29
give atherosclerotic plaques their yellow color.
Cholesterols lipid vacuoles
30
xanthomas
In hereditary and acquired hyperlipidemic syndromes, macrophages accumulate intracellular cholesterol; when present in the subepithelial connective tissue of skin or in tendons, clusters of these foamy macrophages form masses called xanthomas.
31
there is an increased pinocytic reabsorption of the protein. Fusion of these pinocytic vesicles with lysosomes results in the histologic appearance of pink, hyaline cytoplasmic droplets
nephrotic syndrome
32
accumulation of newly synthesized immunoglobulins within the RER in plasma cells.
Russell bodies
33
alcoholic hyaline
Mallory bodies
34
accumulation of eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions (prekeratin filaments) in liver cells in alcoholic liver disease.
Mallory bodies or “alcoholic hyaline
35
found in the brain in Alzheimer disease; aggregated protein inclusion contains microtubule-associated proteins and neurofilaments.
Neurofibrillary tangle