accumulation

Question 1

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 1

Glycogen accumulates in renal tubular epithelium , cradiac myocytes and beta cells of the islets in the pancreas.

Question 2

Glycogen storage diseases

Answer 2

Enzymatic defects

Question 3

Carbon

Answer 3

The most common exogenous pigment

In the lung and the hilar lymph nodes

Question 4

Anthracosis

Answer 4

Carbon aggregates in the lung and hilar lymph nodes

Question 5

Endogenous pigments

Answer 5

Lipofuscin, melanin and hemosiderin

Question 6

an endogenous, brown-black pigment formed by melanocytes.

Answer 6

Melanin

Question 7

represents complexes of lipid and protein that derive from the free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids of subcellular membranes.

Answer 7

Lipofuscin

Question 8

not injurious to the cell but is important marker of past free radical injury.

Answer 8

Lipofuscin

Question 9

accumulates in tissues when there is a local or systemic excess of iron

represents large aggregates of ferritin

Answer 9

Hemosiderin

Question 10

pigment appears as perinuclear electron-dense granules

“brown atrophy” if apparent grossly

Answer 10

Lipofuscin

Question 11

Affects mainly the interstitium of blood vessels, kidneys, lungs, and gastric mucosa.
Does not generally cause clinical dysfunction, unless the process is severe.

Answer 11

Metastatic calcification

Question 12

in aortic valve is an important cause of aortic stenosis in the elderly

Answer 12

Dystrophic calcification

Question 13

nephrocalcinosis

Answer 13

Metastatic calcification

Question 14

adjacent basal keratinocytes in the skin can also accumulate the pigment (e.g., in freckles), or it may be accumulated in dermal macrophages.

Answer 14

Melanin

Question 15

Haemoglobin derived golden-yellow to brown pigment.

Answer 15

Hemosiderin

Question 16

abnormal deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium and other minerals.

Answer 16

Pathological calcification

Question 17

Deposition of calcium on dead or dying cells.

Normal levels of serum calcium

Answer 17

Dystrophic calcification

Question 18

Wear and tear pigment

Answer 18

Lipofuscin

Question 19

Grossly appears as fine white granules.

Microscopically: intracellular or extracellular basophilic deposits.

Answer 19

Dystrophic calcification

Question 21

Deposition of calcium in normal tissue in the presence of hypercalcemia.

Answer 21

Metastatic calcification

Question 21

Causes of hypercalcemia:

Answer 21

Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone.
Destruction of bone by tumors.
Vitamin-D related disorders.
Renal failure.

Question 22

fatty liver

Answer 22

Abnormal metabolism of substances

Question 23

alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Answer 23

Defective folding and transport of proteins

Question 24

storage diseases

Answer 24

Genetic or acquired lack of enzyme

Question 25

Steatosis

Answer 25

abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells

Liver is the most common organ affected, but heart, skeletal muscles and kidney may be affected.
Fatty changes are reversible.

Question 26

Causes of fatty change

Answer 26

Toxins: alcohol is the most common cause.
Protein malnutrition: due to decrease in the synthesis of apolipoproteins.
Diabetes mellitus
Obesity
Anoxia and starvation

Question 27

by light microscopy as small fat vacuoles in the cytoplasm around the nucleus.

With accumulation, the organ enlarges and becomes progressively yellow, greasy & soft

Answer 27

Fatty change

Question 28

Mainly accumulates in macrophages, leading to the formation of foam cells.

Answer 28

Cholesterol and it’s esters

Question 29

give atherosclerotic plaques their yellow color.

Answer 29

Cholesterols lipid vacuoles

Question 30

xanthomas

Answer 30

In hereditary and acquired hyperlipidemic syndromes, macrophages accumulate intracellular cholesterol; when present in the subepithelial connective tissue of skin or in tendons, clusters of these foamy macrophages form masses called xanthomas.

Question 31

there is an increased pinocytic reabsorption of the protein. Fusion of these pinocytic vesicles with lysosomes results in the histologic appearance of pink, hyaline cytoplasmic droplets

Answer 31

nephrotic syndrome

Question 32

accumulation of newly synthesized immunoglobulins within the RER in plasma cells.

Answer 32

Russell bodies

Question 33

alcoholic hyaline

Answer 33

Mallory bodies

Question 34

accumulation of eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions (prekeratin filaments) in liver cells in alcoholic liver disease.

Answer 34

Mallory bodies or “alcoholic hyaline

Question 35

found in the brain in Alzheimer disease; aggregated protein inclusion contains microtubule-associated proteins and neurofilaments.

Answer 35

Neurofibrillary tangle