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Physiology Block 1- Cardiovascular Physiology > Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

Deliver blood and nutrients to tissues, removes wastes and cellular products from the cells

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2
Q

What part of the circulatory system is considered to be in series?

A

Pulmonary circulation

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3
Q

What part of the circulatory system is generally considered to be a parallel system?

A

Systemic circulation

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4
Q

What are the advantages of having the systemic circulatory system in parallel?

A

High pressure and highly oxygenated blood flow to all organ systems, allows for autonomic nervous system to regulate blood flow to different organs, and it exerts less strain on the heart since resistance is lower

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5
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood in L/min that is pumped out of the heart

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6
Q

What condition can develop as the result of diminished cardiac output?

A

Congestion

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7
Q

How can the resting/basal cardiac output be calculated?

A

8% of individual’s weight in kilograms

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8
Q

What happens to the cardiac output while exercising?

A

It increases

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9
Q

In a normal, stable CV system, what should the cardiac outputs of the left and ride sides of the heart be relative to one another?

A

Should be the same

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10
Q

What does it indicate if venous return does not equal the cardiac output?

A

Blood has been losr or gained somewhere along the path

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11
Q

What is the mean arterial blood pressure? What is the standard value?

A

The pressure exerted in the aorta to pump blood into systemic circulation; 93 mmHg

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12
Q

How can the mean arterial blood pressure be calculated?

A

MABP= (diastolic blood pressure)+1/3(pulse pressure)

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13
Q

How can pulse pressure be calculated?

A

Systolic blood pressure-diastolic pressure

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14
Q

How is the mean arterial blood pressure maintained?

A

The baroreceptor reflex

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15
Q

What determines the percentage of flow to each organ?

A

The function of the tissue

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16
Q

How can blood flow to a certain organ be calculated?

A

(CO)(% of flow to that organ)

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17
Q

How does blood flow to the brain change during exercise?

A

Stays relatively constant

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18
Q

What causes the loss of energy as blood flows through systemic circulation?

A

Friction

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19
Q

Why is the pressure lower in the vena cava than at the beginning of circulation?

A

Blood loses energy due to friction in the vessels

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20
Q

Where does the largest decrease in blood pressure occur?

A

Across the arterioles

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21
Q

How can the pressure gradient across the systemic circuit be calculated?

A

MABP-RAP

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22
Q

How can the pressure radient across the pulmonary circuit be calculated?

A

MPAP-LAP

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23
Q

What is the formula for flow rate?

A

Q/F=(High pressure-low pressure)/Resistance

24
Q

What is required for any kind of flow?

A

A pressure gradient

25
Q

What is the formula for systemic circulation cardiac output?

A

CO= (MABP-RAP)/SVR

26
Q

What is the formula for pulmonary circulation cardiac output?

A

CO= MPAP-LAP/PVR

27
Q

What is the formula for resistance?

A

change in pressure/ flow

28
Q

Is the systemic or pulmonary vascular resistance greater?

A

Systemic circulation

29
Q

What is Poiseuille’s Law?

A

Q= (Pressure gradient x pi x radius^4)/(8 x viscosity x length)

30
Q

What is the major mechanism for changing blood flow?

A

Changing the radius of blood vessels (Arterioles)

31
Q

What is the effect of decreasing the radius on resistance and blood pressure?

A

Increases resistance and blood pressure

32
Q

What is the effect of increasing the radius on resistance and blood flow?

A

Decreases resistance and leads to increased blood flow

33
Q

What can affect the viscosity of blood?

A

Hematocrit concentration, hydration, changes in temperature

34
Q

How is resistance calculated in a series system?

A

Rtotal= R1+R2+R3

35
Q

How is resistance calculated in a parallel system?

A

1/Rtotal= 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3

36
Q

What is the formula for resistance using a derivation of Poiseuille’s law?

A

Resistance= 8 x viscosity x length/ pi x radius^4

37
Q

True or false: All fluid in laminar flow is flowing at the same velocity

A

FALSE

38
Q

Where is the velocity fastest in laminar flow?

A

In the middle of the vessel

39
Q

What kind of flow results from blood moving at a high velocity through a narrow opening?

A

Turbulent flow

40
Q

How can velocity be calculated?

A

V= Flow/area

41
Q

What is the velocity of blood in the capillaries relative to the velocity in the aorta? What causes this?

A

Flow through the capillaries is slower then the aorta; there is a greater cross-sectional area of all capillaries than in the aorta

42
Q

How is Reynold’s number calculated?

A

Re= (velocity x diameter x density)/ viscosity

43
Q

There is a tendency for turbulence when Reynold’s number is above what value?

A

2000

44
Q

What properties of blood affect flow?

A

Viscosity and elasticity

45
Q

What is the relationship between viscosity and hemocrit and temperature?

A

Proportional to hemocrit and inversely proportional to temperature

46
Q

True or false: Blood is a newtonian fluid

A

FALSE

47
Q

What is the formula for compliance?

A

C= volume change/ pressure change

48
Q

What is the inverse of compliance?

A

Elastance

49
Q

What percentage of blood volume is contained in veins?

A

60%

50
Q

What happens to compliance with age?

A

It decreases

51
Q

What is elasticity?

A

The ability to return to the original shape or to resist deformation

52
Q

What is occuring to the elastic walls of arteries during systole? During diastole?

A

Streching during systole and recoiling during diastole

53
Q

What acts as a secondary pump during diastole?

A

Elasticity (recoil) of large arteries

54
Q

What are the determinants of pulse pressure?

A

Stroke volume, speed of ventricular ejection, and atrial compliance

55
Q

What is the formula for pressure?

A

P=F/A

56
Q

What is the formula for hydrostatic pressure?

A

P=density x gravity x height

57
Q

What is transmural pressure?

A

Pressure across te wall of a vessel

Physiology Block 1- Cardiovascular Physiology (17 decks)

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