Hemo Flashcards
What objective is used for WBC diff?
40x
What objective is used for RBC morph and platelet estimate?
100x
What anticoagulant is in the purple top tube-LTT? What is it used for? Sample management:
EDTA
CBC
Mix while putting blood in, make 2 blood films right away
What anticoagulant is in the Green top? What is it used for? Sample management?
Heprin
Blood gas analysis
mix thoroughly while putting blood in
What anticoagulant is in Red top tube (RTT)? What is it used for? Sample management:
NO anticoagulant
bio-chemistries
Allow to clot, spin, separate serum off top-put in separate tube
What tube can be used for a lab test that requires serum?
RTT or Red and gray topped Serum separator tube
Heinz body anemia can be caused by ingestion of what substances?
onion pennies (zinc)
What is in a Grey Top tube? What is it used for? Sample management:
Oxylate anticoagulant
Glucose measurement
Mix well while putting blood in
What is in a Blue Top tube? What is it used for? Sample management:
Sodium citrate anticoagulant
Coagulation Studies
Must be full to vacuum capacity, mix well, spin at 6000rpm for 6 mins, Separate off citrated plasma and put in RTT labled with Pt,s name and that it is Citrated palsma 6hrs-Freeze the plasma
What kind of anticoagulant is in a Blue ring crit tube? What is it used for?
NONE
PCV, TP, Plasma eval in conjunction WITH a LTT
What kind of anticoagulant is in a Red Ring Crit tube?
Contains HEPARIN
PCV, TP, Plasma eval. when blood is taken DIRECTLY from Pt. **no syringe involved**
What kind of anticoagulant is in a Black Ring Crit tube?
HEPARIN
used for CBC and blood tests with Avian/Reptile/Pocket pets
What is another abbreviation that means the same as HCT?
PCV Hematocrit/Packed cell volume)
What size are needles and catheters with a blue cap? What animals are these typically used on for IM, SQ,IV injections, Cephalic blood draws?
22g
Dogs and cats
Blood draw-jugular of cat, cat size dog
Cephalic of Med to large size dogs
What size are needles with a red cap and who are these used for?
25g Neonates Lateral saphenous in dogs Femoral blood draw in cats
What size are needles with a pink cap? Who and what are they used for?
20g IM & SQ-Cows, horses, very large dogs IV injections-cows and horses Blood draw-jugular large animal and jugular of med to large size dog
What size needle is the one with a green cap? Who is it used for?
18g Cows and horses for IM and SQ, jugular blood draw
Give the formula for corrected WBC
WBC * 100 ___________________ # of nucleated RBC +100 {(WBC*100)divided by(#nRBC+ 100)}
When is it necessary to do a corrected WBC?
When there are 5 or more nucleated RBC in the WBC count.
What is the name used to describe reticulocytes on a blood film stained with Wrights stain or Diff Quik?
Polychromatophils
What is the name used to describe reticulocytes on a blood film stained with NMB?
Reticulocytes, Retics
What are the 2 types of Retics and how do they differ?
Punctate, more mature with polkadots(ribosomes) Aggregate, less mature, clumped ribosomes -Only these are couted in cats and birds.
What species is a retic count never done and why?
horses Because they do not release polychromataphils
What is the purpose of a retic count?
To determine the bone marrows response to anemia
How many WBCs are counted for a WBC diff?
100 cells on 40x
How many RBC’s are counted for a retic count?
1000 RBCs are counted and Retics are tallied
Give the procedure for staining a slide with Diff Quick.
Jar 1 Fixative-5 1 sec dips Jar 2 Eosinophillic-5 1 sec dips Jar 3 Basophillic - 7-to 10 1 sec dips *tap slide on towel between to remove excess *rinse gently with tap water to remove excess *Sit upright to remove excess
What is the normal WBC range for dogs?
6,000 to 17,000 / ul (6-17 k/ul)
What is the normal WBC range for cats?
5,500 to 19,5000/ul (5.5 to 19.5 k/ul)
What is the normal RBC count for dogs?
5-10* (10 to the 6th power)
What is the normal RBC count for CATS?
5-11*(10 to the 6th power)
What is the normal PCV for dogs?
37- 55% Average is 45%
What is the normal PCV for cats?
30-45% Average is 35%
What is the normal MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) for dogs?
60 to 70fl Above 70flMacrocytic less than 60fl Microcytic
What is the normal MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) for cats?
39-55 fl Above 55fl -Macrocytic below 35fl -Microcytic
What is the normal MCHC (Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration) for both dogs and cats?
30-36 g/dl Above 36 g/dl is Hyperchromic below 30 g/dl is hypochromic
What is the normal range for TP in dogs?
5.0 to 7.0 g/dl
What is the normal range for TP in cats?
5.0 to 8.0 g/dl
What is the normal range for Platelets/ul in dogs and cats?
200,000 to 500,000 platelets/ul
What is the normal blood volume in dogs?
88 mls/kg
What is the normal blood volume in cats?
66 ml/kg
What is the formula for figuring normal blood volume?
Animals weight in Kgs times species norm
How do you arrive at the Observed Retic %?
Move the decimal over to left by one. For ex- 35 retics becomes 3.5% 6 retics becomes 0.6 %
What is the formula for figuring the Corrected Retic %?
PCV of Pt ______________ * Observed Retic PCV Avg of Species —> PCV of Pt divided by PCV average of species TIMES Observed Retic Percentage
What is the formula for figuring Absolute Retics?
of retics ____________ * RBC(w/o exponent) 1000 =Retics/ul If RBC is 3.1 *(10 to 6th) you would use 3,100,000 in above formula
What is the formula for MCV?
Mean corpuscular volume is figured by: PCV * 10 ________ = fl (femtoliters) RBC
What is the formula for MCHC?
Mean Cell Hemoglobin content is figured by: Hgb*100 ————- = g/dl PCV
What is the formula for MCH?
Mean Cell Hemoglobin is figured by: Hgb * 10 ————– = pg (picograms) RBC
What is the formula for figuring Fibrinogen?
TP less the hp (heat precipitate) =g/dl *1000 equals ___mg/dl
What is the formula for figuring TP:F ratio?
Total protein —————— Fibrinogen (g/dl answer) *no units >15 dehydrated or normal 10-15 gray area
What is the medical term for abnormally shaped RBC?
Poikilocytosis
Term for small RBC’s with no central pallor?
Spherocytes
Term for nucleated RBC (nRBC)?
Polychromatophil in Diff Quik/ Wrights Retic in NMB stain
Term for RBC with long, irregular projections:
Acanthocytes
Term for RBC fragments?
Schistocytes
Term for RBC that is spiculated with EVEN small projections over the entire cell surface appearing at times as darker red staining areas.
Echinocytes
Term for RBC that have one or two long spikes coming off of cell that result from a blister or vacuole on surface on cell. Look similar to elmer Fudd hat or half moon…
Keratocytes
Term for an RBC with more surface area than contents. Similar to a half full zip-lock bag. Cell membrane folds and will be lighter in color.
Leptocyte
Term for RBC that has a pale colored mouth area in the center of the cell and is only seen in dogs with chondrodystrophy.
Stomatocyte
Term for a punched out cell. It appears there is a hole in the cell due to very little central pallor with a thickened rim. (red life saver…)
Torocyte
Term for a blister cell that is commonly seen in conjunction with Heinz bodies. Rarely seen
Eccentrocyte
Term for tear drop shaped RBC and is usually artifact, espcially if tear points all point in the same direction.
Dacrocyte
Term for empty RBC membrane and usually indicates IVH.
Ghost cell
Term for residual RNA appearing as very small multiple round spots that stain bluish on routinely stained blood films.
Basophilic Stippling
Term for a Single, sometimes double, inclusion on a RBC seen on a routinely stained film blood film. These dots are basophilic nuclear remnants.
Howell-Jolly bodies
Term for a clear nipple like protrusion from cell wall with routine stain. With NMB stain it will appear as a blue-green protrusion. Can be single or double.
Heinz bodies
What are Heinz bodies caused by and what they result from?
Caused by oxidized and denatured hemoglobin that can result from: -Oxidant drugs or chemicals like acetominophin, maple leaves and zinc. -Associated with IV hemolysis Seen frequently in sick stressed cats
With a refractometer, what is read on the right hand side scale? Left hand scale is for? Middle scale?
Urine Specific gravity (USG), no units 1.018 would be siad out load as ten-eighteen. Total Protein (TP), g/dl Nothing we care about
What is the lab procedure for preparing PCV tube?
-Obtain EDTA blood or several heparinized HCT tubes. Mix well -Fill at least 2 plain(non-hepranized) HCT tubes 2/3 to 3/4 full -Plug ends with crit clay -Spin for 5 minutes at 6000RPM
What is the anatomy of a spun crit tube?
Plasma, buffy coat, RBC’s
What does PCV measure?
The percent quantity of blood which is made up of RBCs
How do you measure the PCV?
Using a PCV/Hematocrit card, -bottom of the Red Cell Column is placed at 0% -top of the plasma is placed where it hits 100%. -Read PCV where the Red Cell column top is at.
What is the procedure for figuring TP?
Take the previously used PCV tube after reading PCV % and break it just above the buffy coat. -Put the plasma on the glass pane of the refractometer, close and look through eyepiece -Read left hand scale to the nearest 0.2 g/dl
What can be seen in the buffy coat if it is examined under a microscope on 10x?
Circulating microfilaria
What crit tube is used for WBC count blood film?
Blue ring with no anticogulant in it in conjuction with LTT
What is the technique for making a blood film?
-Use fresh whole EDTA well mixed blood -Using blue ring crit tube, place small drop on end of clean glass slide -Using coverslip or spreader slide, draw the slide backwards through drop so blood collects along the edge. -With Coverslip or spreader slide at a 30 degree angle, move it along the slide in an even stroke along the slide -wave in air to dry -Make sure there is a good feather, monolayer and body -Stain with Diff Quik, or Wrights
What is ID’d on 10x in the feather?
-WBC distrubution -Platelet clumping (too much may invalidate platelet count-REDO film)* -Abnormal cells* -Microfilaria* *items to be quantified
What is ID’d on 10x in the Monolayer of the blood film?
Is it of Adequate size? WBC distribution
What is ID’d and checked in the body of the blood film?
-RBC associations -Rouleaux-stacked pancakes, chains* -Agglutination-clusters and blank spots of RBC’s **Never normal
What test is used to differentiate if an RBC association is Rouleaux or agglutination?
Saline Wash- Rouleuaux will wash out, agglutination sticks together like glue
What species is Rouleaux a normal finding?
horses
Where do we examine the blood film for WBC?
Monolyer on 40x Begin dif and morphology assessment
Where and at what objective do we use for RBC & WBC morphology, platelet assessment?
Monolayer 100x oil objective
What RBC morphology is assessed on 100x?
Size, shapes, color +/- inclusions ALL are quantified as mild, moderate, marked
What type of WBC morphology is assessed on 100x?
nuclear assessment cytoplasmic condition ALL are quantified as mild, moderate, marked
What is assessed for Platelets on 100x?
-Macro or mega size -Shape -Membrane reactivity (hairy=reactive) -Estimate 10 fields -8-30 pltlts appear adequate -< 8 appear decreased >30 appear increased
a. Eos
b. Baso
c. Seg
d. Eos
e. Mono
f. Lymph
A. Lymph
B. Seg
C. Seg
D. Mono
E. Mono
F. Baso
G. Lymph
H. Eos
A. Toxic Seg
B. Toxic Band
C. Toxic Seg
A. nRBC
B. Seg
C. Toxic Meta
A. nRBC
B. Toxic Band
C. Reactive Lymph
D. Band
E. Seg
F. nRBC
G. Toxic Meta
H. Toxic Band
I. Mono
J. nRBC
Mast Cells
Agglutination
Reactive & Macro platelets
Toxic Seg
Platelet Clumping
Microfilariae
Macroplatelet
Metamyelocyte
Mott Cell
(Avian Blood)
Hemoglobinometer
measures hemoglobin
Crit Clay
(from left to right)
DET tube
Grey TT- Oxylate
BTT- Sodium Citrate
RTT- Nothing
SST
Green TT- Heprin
PTT- EDTA
Black Ring Hct- Heparin
Red Ring Hct- Heparin
Blue Ring Hct- Nothing
What does increased Eos indicate?
Allergies
2 Types of Lymphs and what they are responsible for
B Lymph: antibacterial
T Lymph: cellular immunity
4 Things that make a Seg toxic
- basophilic
- azurophilic granules
- vacules
- dohle bodies
Which cell inclusion could indicate IMHA?
Spherocytes
What are Howell Jolly Bodies?
Nuclear reminants
What is different about avian blood?
Neutrophils are called Heterophils
Platelets are called Thrombocytes
RBCs are oval instead of round
