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Mini CPE #1 > Hemo > Flashcards

Hemo Flashcards

1
Q

What objective is used for WBC diff?

A

40x

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2
Q

What objective is used for RBC morph and platelet estimate?

A

100x

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5
Q

What anticoagulant is in the purple top tube-LTT? What is it used for? Sample management:

A

EDTA

CBC

Mix while putting blood in, make 2 blood films right away

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6
Q

What anticoagulant is in the Green top? What is it used for? Sample management?

A

Heprin

Blood gas analysis

mix thoroughly while putting blood in

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7
Q

What anticoagulant is in Red top tube (RTT)? What is it used for? Sample management:

A

NO anticoagulant

bio-chemistries

Allow to clot, spin, separate serum off top-put in separate tube

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8
Q

What tube can be used for a lab test that requires serum?

A

RTT or Red and gray topped Serum separator tube

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9
Q

Heinz body anemia can be caused by ingestion of what substances?

A

onion pennies (zinc)

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10
Q

What is in a Grey Top tube? What is it used for? Sample management:

A

Oxylate anticoagulant

Glucose measurement

Mix well while putting blood in

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11
Q

What is in a Blue Top tube? What is it used for? Sample management:

A

Sodium citrate anticoagulant

Coagulation Studies

Must be full to vacuum capacity, mix well, spin at 6000rpm for 6 mins, Separate off citrated plasma and put in RTT labled with Pt,s name and that it is Citrated palsma 6hrs-Freeze the plasma

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12
Q

What kind of anticoagulant is in a Blue ring crit tube? What is it used for?

A

NONE

PCV, TP, Plasma eval in conjunction WITH a LTT

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13
Q

What kind of anticoagulant is in a Red Ring Crit tube?

A

Contains HEPARIN

PCV, TP, Plasma eval. when blood is taken DIRECTLY from Pt. **no syringe involved**

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14
Q

What kind of anticoagulant is in a Black Ring Crit tube?

A

HEPARIN

used for CBC and blood tests with Avian/Reptile/Pocket pets

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15
Q

What is another abbreviation that means the same as HCT?

A

PCV Hematocrit/Packed cell volume)

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16
Q

What size are needles and catheters with a blue cap? What animals are these typically used on for IM, SQ,IV injections, Cephalic blood draws?

A

22g

Dogs and cats

Blood draw-jugular of cat, cat size dog

Cephalic of Med to large size dogs

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17
Q

What size are needles with a red cap and who are these used for?

A

25g Neonates Lateral saphenous in dogs Femoral blood draw in cats

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18
Q

What size are needles with a pink cap? Who and what are they used for?

A

20g IM & SQ-Cows, horses, very large dogs IV injections-cows and horses Blood draw-jugular large animal and jugular of med to large size dog

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19
Q

What size needle is the one with a green cap? Who is it used for?

A

18g Cows and horses for IM and SQ, jugular blood draw

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20
Q

Give the formula for corrected WBC

A

WBC * 100 ___________________ # of nucleated RBC +100 {(WBC*100)divided by(#nRBC+ 100)}

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21
Q

When is it necessary to do a corrected WBC?

A

When there are 5 or more nucleated RBC in the WBC count.

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22
Q

What is the name used to describe reticulocytes on a blood film stained with Wrights stain or Diff Quik?

A

Polychromatophils

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23
Q

What is the name used to describe reticulocytes on a blood film stained with NMB?

A

Reticulocytes, Retics

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of Retics and how do they differ?

A

Punctate, more mature with polkadots(ribosomes) Aggregate, less mature, clumped ribosomes -Only these are couted in cats and birds.

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25
Q

What species is a retic count never done and why?

A

horses Because they do not release polychromataphils

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26
Q

What is the purpose of a retic count?

A

To determine the bone marrows response to anemia

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27
Q

How many WBCs are counted for a WBC diff?

A

100 cells on 40x

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28
Q

How many RBC’s are counted for a retic count?

A

1000 RBCs are counted and Retics are tallied

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92
Q

Give the procedure for staining a slide with Diff Quick.

A

Jar 1 Fixative-5 1 sec dips Jar 2 Eosinophillic-5 1 sec dips Jar 3 Basophillic - 7-to 10 1 sec dips *tap slide on towel between to remove excess *rinse gently with tap water to remove excess *Sit upright to remove excess

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93
Q

What is the normal WBC range for dogs?

A

6,000 to 17,000 / ul (6-17 k/ul)

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94
Q

What is the normal WBC range for cats?

A

5,500 to 19,5000/ul (5.5 to 19.5 k/ul)

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95
Q

What is the normal RBC count for dogs?

A

5-10* (10 to the 6th power)

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96
Q

What is the normal RBC count for CATS?

A

5-11*(10 to the 6th power)

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97
Q

What is the normal PCV for dogs?

A

37- 55% Average is 45%

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98
Q

What is the normal PCV for cats?

A

30-45% Average is 35%

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99
Q

What is the normal MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) for dogs?

A

60 to 70fl Above 70flMacrocytic less than 60fl Microcytic

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100
Q

What is the normal MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) for cats?

A

39-55 fl Above 55fl -Macrocytic below 35fl -Microcytic

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101
Q

What is the normal MCHC (Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration) for both dogs and cats?

A

30-36 g/dl Above 36 g/dl is Hyperchromic below 30 g/dl is hypochromic

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102
Q

What is the normal range for TP in dogs?

A

5.0 to 7.0 g/dl

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103
Q

What is the normal range for TP in cats?

A

5.0 to 8.0 g/dl

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104
Q

What is the normal range for Platelets/ul in dogs and cats?

A

200,000 to 500,000 platelets/ul

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105
Q

What is the normal blood volume in dogs?

A

88 mls/kg

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106
Q

What is the normal blood volume in cats?

A

66 ml/kg

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107
Q

What is the formula for figuring normal blood volume?

A

Animals weight in Kgs times species norm

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109
Q

How do you arrive at the Observed Retic %?

A

Move the decimal over to left by one. For ex- 35 retics becomes 3.5% 6 retics becomes 0.6 %

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110
Q

What is the formula for figuring the Corrected Retic %?

A

PCV of Pt ______________ * Observed Retic PCV Avg of Species —> PCV of Pt divided by PCV average of species TIMES Observed Retic Percentage

111
Q

What is the formula for figuring Absolute Retics?

A

of retics ____________ * RBC(w/o exponent) 1000 =Retics/ul If RBC is 3.1 *(10 to 6th) you would use 3,100,000 in above formula

112
Q

What is the formula for MCV?

A

Mean corpuscular volume is figured by: PCV * 10 ________ = fl (femtoliters) RBC

113
Q

What is the formula for MCHC?

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin content is figured by: Hgb*100 ————- = g/dl PCV

114
Q

What is the formula for MCH?

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin is figured by: Hgb * 10 ————– = pg (picograms) RBC

115
Q

What is the formula for figuring Fibrinogen?

A

TP less the hp (heat precipitate) =g/dl *1000 equals ___mg/dl

116
Q

What is the formula for figuring TP:F ratio?

A

Total protein —————— Fibrinogen (g/dl answer) *no units >15 dehydrated or normal 10-15 gray area

117
Q

What is the medical term for abnormally shaped RBC?

A

Poikilocytosis

118
Q

Term for small RBC’s with no central pallor?

A

Spherocytes

119
Q

Term for nucleated RBC (nRBC)?

A

Polychromatophil in Diff Quik/ Wrights Retic in NMB stain

120
Q

Term for RBC with long, irregular projections:

A

Acanthocytes

121
Q

Term for RBC fragments?

A

Schistocytes

122
Q

Term for RBC that is spiculated with EVEN small projections over the entire cell surface appearing at times as darker red staining areas.

A

Echinocytes

123
Q

Term for RBC that have one or two long spikes coming off of cell that result from a blister or vacuole on surface on cell. Look similar to elmer Fudd hat or half moon…

A

Keratocytes

124
Q

Term for an RBC with more surface area than contents. Similar to a half full zip-lock bag. Cell membrane folds and will be lighter in color.

A

Leptocyte

125
Q

Term for RBC that has a pale colored mouth area in the center of the cell and is only seen in dogs with chondrodystrophy.

A

Stomatocyte

126
Q

Term for a punched out cell. It appears there is a hole in the cell due to very little central pallor with a thickened rim. (red life saver…)

A

Torocyte

127
Q

Term for a blister cell that is commonly seen in conjunction with Heinz bodies. Rarely seen

A

Eccentrocyte

128
Q

Term for tear drop shaped RBC and is usually artifact, espcially if tear points all point in the same direction.

A

Dacrocyte

129
Q

Term for empty RBC membrane and usually indicates IVH.

A

Ghost cell

130
Q

Term for residual RNA appearing as very small multiple round spots that stain bluish on routinely stained blood films.

A

Basophilic Stippling

131
Q

Term for a Single, sometimes double, inclusion on a RBC seen on a routinely stained film blood film. These dots are basophilic nuclear remnants.

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

132
Q

Term for a clear nipple like protrusion from cell wall with routine stain. With NMB stain it will appear as a blue-green protrusion. Can be single or double.

A

Heinz bodies

133
Q

What are Heinz bodies caused by and what they result from?

A

Caused by oxidized and denatured hemoglobin that can result from: -Oxidant drugs or chemicals like acetominophin, maple leaves and zinc. -Associated with IV hemolysis Seen frequently in sick stressed cats

137
Q

With a refractometer, what is read on the right hand side scale? Left hand scale is for? Middle scale?

A

Urine Specific gravity (USG), no units 1.018 would be siad out load as ten-eighteen. Total Protein (TP), g/dl Nothing we care about

138
Q

What is the lab procedure for preparing PCV tube?

A

-Obtain EDTA blood or several heparinized HCT tubes. Mix well -Fill at least 2 plain(non-hepranized) HCT tubes 2/3 to 3/4 full -Plug ends with crit clay -Spin for 5 minutes at 6000RPM

139
Q

What is the anatomy of a spun crit tube?

A

Plasma, buffy coat, RBC’s

140
Q

What does PCV measure?

A

The percent quantity of blood which is made up of RBCs

141
Q

How do you measure the PCV?

A

Using a PCV/Hematocrit card, -bottom of the Red Cell Column is placed at 0% -top of the plasma is placed where it hits 100%. -Read PCV where the Red Cell column top is at.

142
Q

What is the procedure for figuring TP?

A

Take the previously used PCV tube after reading PCV % and break it just above the buffy coat. -Put the plasma on the glass pane of the refractometer, close and look through eyepiece -Read left hand scale to the nearest 0.2 g/dl

143
Q

What can be seen in the buffy coat if it is examined under a microscope on 10x?

A

Circulating microfilaria

144
Q

What crit tube is used for WBC count blood film?

A

Blue ring with no anticogulant in it in conjuction with LTT

145
Q

What is the technique for making a blood film?

A

-Use fresh whole EDTA well mixed blood -Using blue ring crit tube, place small drop on end of clean glass slide -Using coverslip or spreader slide, draw the slide backwards through drop so blood collects along the edge. -With Coverslip or spreader slide at a 30 degree angle, move it along the slide in an even stroke along the slide -wave in air to dry -Make sure there is a good feather, monolayer and body -Stain with Diff Quik, or Wrights

146
Q

What is ID’d on 10x in the feather?

A

-WBC distrubution -Platelet clumping (too much may invalidate platelet count-REDO film)* -Abnormal cells* -Microfilaria* *items to be quantified

147
Q

What is ID’d on 10x in the Monolayer of the blood film?

A

Is it of Adequate size? WBC distribution

148
Q

What is ID’d and checked in the body of the blood film?

A

-RBC associations -Rouleaux-stacked pancakes, chains* -Agglutination-clusters and blank spots of RBC’s **Never normal

149
Q

What test is used to differentiate if an RBC association is Rouleaux or agglutination?

A

Saline Wash- Rouleuaux will wash out, agglutination sticks together like glue

150
Q

What species is Rouleaux a normal finding?

A

horses

151
Q

Where do we examine the blood film for WBC?

A

Monolyer on 40x Begin dif and morphology assessment

152
Q

Where and at what objective do we use for RBC & WBC morphology, platelet assessment?

A

Monolayer 100x oil objective

153
Q

What RBC morphology is assessed on 100x?

A

Size, shapes, color +/- inclusions ALL are quantified as mild, moderate, marked

154
Q

What type of WBC morphology is assessed on 100x?

A

nuclear assessment cytoplasmic condition ALL are quantified as mild, moderate, marked

155
Q

What is assessed for Platelets on 100x?

A

-Macro or mega size -Shape -Membrane reactivity (hairy=reactive) -Estimate 10 fields -8-30 pltlts appear adequate -< 8 appear decreased >30 appear increased

156
Q
A

a. Eos
b. Baso
c. Seg
d. Eos
e. Mono
f. Lymph

157
Q
A

A. Lymph

B. Seg

C. Seg

D. Mono

E. Mono

F. Baso

G. Lymph

H. Eos

158
Q
A

A. Toxic Seg

B. Toxic Band

C. Toxic Seg

159
Q
A

A. nRBC

B. Seg

C. Toxic Meta

160
Q
A

A. nRBC

B. Toxic Band

C. Reactive Lymph

D. Band

E. Seg

F. nRBC

G. Toxic Meta

H. Toxic Band

I. Mono

J. nRBC

161
Q
A

Mast Cells

162
Q
A

Agglutination

163
Q
A

Reactive & Macro platelets

164
Q
A

Toxic Seg

165
Q
A

Platelet Clumping

166
Q
A

Microfilariae

167
Q
A

Macroplatelet

168
Q
A

Metamyelocyte

169
Q
A

Mott Cell

(Avian Blood)

170
Q
A

Hemoglobinometer

measures hemoglobin

171
Q
A

Crit Clay

172
Q
A

(from left to right)

DET tube

Grey TT- Oxylate

BTT- Sodium Citrate

RTT- Nothing

SST

Green TT- Heprin

PTT- EDTA

Black Ring Hct- Heparin

Red Ring Hct- Heparin

Blue Ring Hct- Nothing

173
Q

What does increased Eos indicate?

A

Allergies

174
Q

2 Types of Lymphs and what they are responsible for

A

B Lymph: antibacterial

T Lymph: cellular immunity

175
Q

4 Things that make a Seg toxic

A
  1. basophilic
  2. azurophilic granules
  3. vacules
  4. dohle bodies
176
Q

Which cell inclusion could indicate IMHA?

A

Spherocytes

177
Q

What are Howell Jolly Bodies?

A

Nuclear reminants

178
Q

What is different about avian blood?

A

Neutrophils are called Heterophils

Platelets are called Thrombocytes

RBCs are oval instead of round

Mini CPE #1 (8 decks)

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