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Hematology 1 and Body Fluids > Hematopoiesis Process and Cytokines > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Process and Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main site of erythropoietin production?

A
  • Kidney
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2
Q

What is punctate basophilia?

What cells might we see this in?

A
  • observing a blood smear in which erythrocytes display small dots at the periphery
  • reticulocytes
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3
Q

What are Howell–Jolly bodies?

A
  • histopathological findings of basophilic nuclear remnants (clusters of DNA) in circulating erythrocytes. During maturation in the bone marrow late erythroblasts normally expel their nuclei, but in some cases a small portion of DNA remains
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4
Q

What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in the bone marrow?

A
  • erythropoietin; made in the kidneys, acts on the bone marrow
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5
Q

What class of a hematopoietic cell is committed to becoming an erythrocyte?

A
  • BFU-E
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6
Q

What two types of cells can a pleuripotent hematopoietic stem cell differentiate into?

A
  • Common myeloid progenitor

- Common lymphoid progenitor

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7
Q

What are the four cells that a common myeloid progenitor can differentiate into?

A
  • Granulocyte-Monocyte progenitor
  • Eosinophil-basophil progenitor
  • Megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor
  • Mast Cell
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8
Q

What are the four cells that a common lymphoid progenitor can differentiate into?

A
  • Dendritic
  • Pre-B
  • Pre-T
  • Natural Killer
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9
Q

What are the final steps for the Granulocyte-Monocyte progenitor to get to a mature cell, and what are the two types of cells it can mature into?

A

~ Granulocyte-Monocyte progenitor + G-CSF -> myeloblast -> Neutrophil

~ Granulocyte-Monocyte progenitor + M-CSF -> Monocyte -> Macrophage

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10
Q

What are the final steps for the Megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor to get to a mature cell, and what are the two types of cells it can mature into?

A

~ Megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor + EPO -> pronormoblast -> Erythrocyte

~ Megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor + TPO -> Megakaryoblast -> Megakaryocyte -> Platelets

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11
Q

What is the intermittent cell between the Eosinophil-basophil progenitor and the final mature cells?

A
  • Myeloblast
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12
Q

What do Pre-T and Pre-B cells eventually become? What steps (cell types) do they take to get there?

A

~ Pre-T -> T lymphoblast -> T cell

~ Pre-B -> B lymphoblast -> B cell -> Plasma cell

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13
Q

What cell lines to the following Culture-Derived Colony-Forming Units (CFUs) give rise to?

  • CFU-GEMM
  • CFU-E
  • CFU-Meg
  • CFU-M
  • CFU-GM
A
  • granulocyte, erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, monocyte
  • erythrocyte
  • megakaryocyte
  • monocyte
  • granulocyte, monocyte
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14
Q

What cell lines to the following Culture-Derived Colony-Forming Units (CFUs) give rise to?

  • CFU-BASO
  • CFU-EO
  • CFU-G
  • CFU-pre-T
  • CFU-pre-B
A
  • myeloid to basophil
  • myeloid to eosinophil
  • myeloid to neutrophil
  • T lymphocyte
  • B lymphocyte
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15
Q

What decides the path of HSC:

What is the Multilineage priming model?

A
  • signals from the hematopoietic inductive microenvironment
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16
Q

What decides the path of HSC:
What do cytokines regulate and where do they come from?
What cytokines are involved?

A
  • cytokines released from the hematopoietic inductive microenvironment regulate proliferation and differentiation
  • KIT ligand, thrombopoietin (TPO), and FLT3 ligand
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17
Q

What decides the path of HSC:

What genes control intrinsic regulation?

A
  • genes such as TAL1 and GATA2
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18
Q

What are some cytoplasmic changes (3) as stem cells mature?

A
  • decrease in basophilia, increase in the proportion of cytoplasm, and possible appearance of granules in the cytoplasm
19
Q

What is the capacity of cellular production per day for stem cells - how many erythrocytes, platelets, and granulocytes?

A
  • 2.5 billion erythrocytes, 2.5 billion platelets, and 1 billion granulocytes per kilogram of body weight daily
20
Q

What is the ratio of HSCs to nucleated cells in the marrow?

A
  • HSCs exist in the marrow in the ratio of 1 per 1000 nucleated blood cells
21
Q

What is the mitotic index?

A
  • mitotic divisions when stimulated by appropriate cytokines

- duration of mitosis and the length of the resting state

22
Q

Stem Cell Phenotypes:

What are the CD markers seen on committed myeloid progenitors?

A
  • CD33 and CD38
23
Q

Stem Cell Phenotypes:

What are the CD markers seen on committed lymphoid progenitors?

A
  • CD10 and CD38
24
Q

Stem Cell Phenotypes:

What are the CD markers seen on T-lymphocyte progenitors and Natural killer cell progenitors?

A
  • CD7
25
Q

Stem Cell Phenotypes:

What are the CD markers seen on B-lymphocyte progenitors?

A
  • CD19
26
Q

Stem Cell Phenotypes:

What are the markers (5) seen on the earliest hematopoietic stem cells?

A
  • CD34+
  • CD38−
  • HLA-DRlow
  • Thy1low
  • Lin−
27
Q

What is another name for hematopoietic growth factors and what do they do?

A
  • cytokines -regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of hematopoietic precursor cells
28
Q

What role do cytokines have with mature blood cells?

A
  • stimulate or inhibit production, differentiation, and trafficking of mature blood cells
29
Q

What role do cytokines have with hematopoietic precursor cells?

A
  • Prevent them from dying by inhibiting apoptosis
30
Q

Cytokines (7) needed to get from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell to common myeloid progenitor?

A
  • FLT3L
  • KITLG
  • GM-CSF
  • IL 1, 3, 6, 11
31
Q

Cytokines (3) needed to get from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell to common lymphoid progenitor?

A
  • FLT3L
  • KITLG
  • IL 7
32
Q

Cytokines (4) needed to get from common myeloid progenitor to Granulocyte-Monocyte progenitor?

A
  • FLT3L
  • KITLG
  • GM-CSF
  • IL 3
33
Q

Cytokines (4) needed to get from common myeloid progenitor to Eosinophil-basophil progenitor?

A
  • FLT3L
  • GM-CSF
  • IL 3, 5
34
Q

Cytokines (4) needed to get from common myeloid progenitor to Megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor?

A
  • FLT3L
  • KITLG
  • GM-CSF
  • IL 3
35
Q

Cytokines (2) needed to get from common myeloid progenitor to mast cells?

A
  • FLT3L

- GM-CSF

36
Q

What are the characteristics of Colony-Stimulating Factors?

A
  • high specificity for their target cells and are active at low concentration
  • primary target of G-CSF is the granulocytic cell line
  • GM-CSF targets the granulocytic-monocytic cell line
37
Q

What are examples of Early-Acting Multilineage Growth Factors?

A
  • KIT ligand
  • FLT3 ligand
  • Other factors:
    – Interleukin-3 (IL-3)
    – Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
    (GM-CSF)
38
Q

What are the four characteristics of Interleukins?

A
  • Show multiple biologic activities
  • Synergistic interactions
  • Belong to systems with amplification potentials
  • Effective at low concentrations
39
Q

What is the earliest identifiable colony of RBCs and what CFU do they arise from?

A
  • Colony-forming unit–granulocyte-erythroid- macrophage-megakaryocyte (CFU-GEMM) gives rise to the
    earliest identifiable colony of RBCs called Burst-forming unit–erythroid (BFU-E)
40
Q

What is erythropoietin (EPO) and where is it formed?

A
  • lineage-specific glycoprotein produced in the renal peritubular interstitial cells
  • small amount of EPO is produced by the liver
41
Q

Where does the cytokine G-CSF come from (4) and what cells does it target (3)?

A
  • endothelial cells, plaenta, monocytes, macrophages

- neutrophil precursors, fibroblasts, leukemic myeloblasts

42
Q

Where does the cytokine GM-CSF come from (5) and what cells does it target (4)?

A
  • T cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, mast cells
  • bone marrow progenitors, dendritic, macrophages, NKT cells
43
Q

Where does the cytokine IL-2 come from (3) and what cells does it target (4)?

A
  • CD4+ T cells, NK cells, B cells

- T cells, NK cells, B cells, Monocytes

Hematology 1 and Body Fluids (9 decks)

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