Hematopoiesis Process and Cytokines Flashcards by Penny Nichols

What is the main site of erythropoietin production?

Kidney

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is punctate basophilia?

What cells might we see this in?

observing a blood smear in which erythrocytes display small dots at the periphery
reticulocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are Howell–Jolly bodies?

histopathological findings of basophilic nuclear remnants (clusters of DNA) in circulating erythrocytes. During maturation in the bone marrow late erythroblasts normally expel their nuclei, but in some cases a small portion of DNA remains

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis in the bone marrow?

erythropoietin; made in the kidneys, acts on the bone marrow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What class of a hematopoietic cell is committed to becoming an erythrocyte?

BFU-E

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What two types of cells can a pleuripotent hematopoietic stem cell differentiate into?

Common myeloid progenitor

- Common lymphoid progenitor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the four cells that a common myeloid progenitor can differentiate into?

Granulocyte-Monocyte progenitor
Eosinophil-basophil progenitor
Megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor
Mast Cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the four cells that a common lymphoid progenitor can differentiate into?

Dendritic
Pre-B
Pre-T
Natural Killer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the final steps for the Granulocyte-Monocyte progenitor to get to a mature cell, and what are the two types of cells it can mature into?

~ Granulocyte-Monocyte progenitor + G-CSF -> myeloblast -> Neutrophil

~ Granulocyte-Monocyte progenitor + M-CSF -> Monocyte -> Macrophage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the final steps for the Megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor to get to a mature cell, and what are the two types of cells it can mature into?

~ Megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor + EPO -> pronormoblast -> Erythrocyte

~ Megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor + TPO -> Megakaryoblast -> Megakaryocyte -> Platelets

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the intermittent cell between the Eosinophil-basophil progenitor and the final mature cells?

Myeloblast

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do Pre-T and Pre-B cells eventually become? What steps (cell types) do they take to get there?

~ Pre-T -> T lymphoblast -> T cell

~ Pre-B -> B lymphoblast -> B cell -> Plasma cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What cell lines to the following Culture-Derived Colony-Forming Units (CFUs) give rise to?

CFU-GEMM
CFU-E
CFU-Meg
CFU-M
CFU-GM

granulocyte, erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, monocyte
erythrocyte
megakaryocyte
monocyte
granulocyte, monocyte

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What cell lines to the following Culture-Derived Colony-Forming Units (CFUs) give rise to?

CFU-BASO
CFU-EO
CFU-G
CFU-pre-T
CFU-pre-B

myeloid to basophil
myeloid to eosinophil
myeloid to neutrophil
T lymphocyte
B lymphocyte

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What decides the path of HSC:

What is the Multilineage priming model?

signals from the hematopoietic inductive microenvironment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What decides the path of HSC:
What do cytokines regulate and where do they come from?
What cytokines are involved?

cytokines released from the hematopoietic inductive microenvironment regulate proliferation and differentiation
KIT ligand, thrombopoietin (TPO), and FLT3 ligand

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What decides the path of HSC:

What genes control intrinsic regulation?

genes such as TAL1 and GATA2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some cytoplasmic changes (3) as stem cells mature?

decrease in basophilia, increase in the proportion of cytoplasm, and possible appearance of granules in the cytoplasm

What is the capacity of cellular production per day for stem cells - how many erythrocytes, platelets, and granulocytes?

2.5 billion erythrocytes, 2.5 billion platelets, and 1 billion granulocytes per kilogram of body weight daily

What is the ratio of HSCs to nucleated cells in the marrow?

HSCs exist in the marrow in the ratio of 1 per 1000 nucleated blood cells

What is the mitotic index?

mitotic divisions when stimulated by appropriate cytokines

- duration of mitosis and the length of the resting state

Stem Cell Phenotypes:

What are the CD markers seen on committed myeloid progenitors?

CD33 and CD38

Stem Cell Phenotypes:

What are the CD markers seen on committed lymphoid progenitors?

CD10 and CD38

Stem Cell Phenotypes:

What are the CD markers seen on T-lymphocyte progenitors and Natural killer cell progenitors?

Stem Cell Phenotypes: | What are the CD markers seen on B-lymphocyte progenitors?

- CD19

Stem Cell Phenotypes: | What are the markers (5) seen on the earliest hematopoietic stem cells?

- CD34+ - CD38− - HLA-DRlow - Thy1low - Lin−

What is another name for hematopoietic growth factors and what do they do?

- cytokines - regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of hematopoietic precursor cells

What role do cytokines have with mature blood cells?

- stimulate or inhibit production, differentiation, and trafficking of mature blood cells

What role do cytokines have with hematopoietic precursor cells?

- Prevent them from dying by inhibiting apoptosis

Cytokines (7) needed to get from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell to common myeloid progenitor?

- FLT3L - KITLG - GM-CSF - IL 1, 3, 6, 11

Cytokines (3) needed to get from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell to common lymphoid progenitor?

- FLT3L - KITLG - IL 7

Cytokines (4) needed to get from common myeloid progenitor to Granulocyte-Monocyte progenitor?

- FLT3L - KITLG - GM-CSF - IL 3

Cytokines (4) needed to get from common myeloid progenitor to Eosinophil-basophil progenitor?

- FLT3L - GM-CSF - IL 3, 5

Cytokines (4) needed to get from common myeloid progenitor to Megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor?

- FLT3L - KITLG - GM-CSF - IL 3

Cytokines (2) needed to get from common myeloid progenitor to mast cells?

- FLT3L | - GM-CSF

What are the characteristics of Colony-Stimulating Factors?

- high specificity for their target cells and are active at low concentration - primary target of G-CSF is the granulocytic cell line - GM-CSF targets the granulocytic-monocytic cell line

What are examples of Early-Acting Multilineage Growth Factors?

- KIT ligand - FLT3 ligand - Other factors: -- Interleukin-3 (IL-3) -- Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

What are the four characteristics of Interleukins?

- Show multiple biologic activities - Synergistic interactions - Belong to systems with amplification potentials - Effective at low concentrations

What is the earliest identifiable colony of RBCs and what CFU do they arise from?

- Colony-forming unit–granulocyte-erythroid- macrophage-megakaryocyte (CFU-GEMM) gives rise to the earliest identifiable colony of RBCs called Burst-forming unit–erythroid (BFU-E)

What is erythropoietin (EPO) and where is it formed?

- lineage-specific glycoprotein produced in the renal peritubular interstitial cells - small amount of EPO is produced by the liver

Where does the cytokine G-CSF come from (4) and what cells does it target (3)?

- endothelial cells, plaenta, monocytes, macrophages | - neutrophil precursors, fibroblasts, leukemic myeloblasts

Where does the cytokine GM-CSF come from (5) and what cells does it target (4)?

- T cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, mast cells - bone marrow progenitors, dendritic, macrophages, NKT cells

Where does the cytokine IL-2 come from (3) and what cells does it target (4)?

- CD4+ T cells, NK cells, B cells | - T cells, NK cells, B cells, Monocytes