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Hematology 1 and Body Fluids > Hematopoiesis Phases and Sites > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Phases and Sites Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of hematology?

A

Simple: the study of blood cells
Expanded: the study of blood cell morphology, function, blood-forming organs, and diseases of the blood and bone marrow

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2
Q

What are the formed elements of the blood?

A
  • Erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • Leukocytes (WBCs)
  • Thrombocytes (platelets)
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3
Q

What is the layer between the RBCs and the plasma called in a tube with anticoagulant in it? What does that layer consist of?

A
  • the buffy coat

- made up of WBCs and platelets

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4
Q

What two elements need to be present and activated for a clot to form in a specimen?

A

Fibrinogen and thrombin. Thrombin takes fibrinogen into fibrin, which is another name for the clot

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5
Q

What does EDTA stand for? What are the types available?

A
  • ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid

- avaliable as a disodium or dipotassium salt (preferred for solubility)

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6
Q

What concentration of EDTA is preferred?

What specifically does it do to prevent clot formation?

A
  • EDTA is used in a concentration of 1mg / 1ml of blood

- it chelates (removes) calcium, which prevents the formation of thrombin

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7
Q

How long after draw is an EDTA tube good for blood smears? What happens after 2 hours that makes it unacceptable?

A
  • good for 2 hours after draw. Beyond that, cell morphology begins to change
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8
Q

How long is an EDTA good for when refrigerated? What tests can be performed on this specimen?

A
  • Good for 24 hours for tests such as hemoglobin and cell counts
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9
Q

What are some examples of artefacts?

A
  • crenated cells: cells with wavy edges
  • WBCs with odd-shaped nuclei: segmented neutrophil nuclei will split completely
  • platelet clumping
  • cells with unusual morphology
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10
Q

What can cause artefacts?

A
  • Not mixing blood thoroughly after draw - results in clot formation
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11
Q

What is the definition of hematopoiesis?

A

the process of blood cell production, differentiation, and development

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12
Q

What 5 organs make up the hematopoietic system?

A
  • bone marrow
  • liver
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • thymus
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13
Q

What is the ratio of RBCs : Plasma : WBCs/platelets in a whole blood specimen?

A

44% : 55% : 1%

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14
Q 
Defining characteristics of:
A: segmented neutrophil
B: Band neutrophil
C: Eosinophil
D: Basophil
E: Lymphocyte
F: Monocyte
A

A: nucleus appears “pinched”
B: nucleus not “piched,” relatively same width
C: when stained, will have pink/orange granules from the eosin dye
D: have blue granules
E: Very large, dark nucleus, takes up majority of the cell
F: Cytoplasm has a very “lacy” appearance. Nucleus looks to be “stretched out”

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15
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells are capable of _____? (2 things)

A
  • Self-renewing

- Differentiation

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16
Q

What are the three phases of cell development?

A
  • Mesoblastic
  • Hepatic
  • Medullary (aka myeloid)
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17
Q

Where is the primary site of mesoblastic cell development?

At what gestational age does cell development begin?

A
  • Primary site is the yolk sac

- Begins @ 19 days after fertilization

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18
Q

What are the three types of hemoglobin produced by erythrocytes in the mesoblastic phase?

A
  1. Gower-1
  2. Gower-2
  3. Portland
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19
Q

When does the hepatic stage of cell development begin?

What organ is responsible for cell development in this stage?

A
  • begins at 5-7 gestational weeks

- liver takes over from the yolk sac

20
Q

What are the types of blood cells present in the hepatic phase of cell development?
What organs do they colonize?

A
  • Lymphoid cells; Clusters of erythroblasts, granulocytes and monocytes
  • fetal liver, thymus, spleen, placenta, and ultimately the bone marrow space
21
Q

What is extravascular hematopoiesis?
In what phase does EV hematopoiesis begin?
What gestational age?

A
  • Extravascular: outside the blood vessels
  • Hepatic phase
  • Around the third month of fetal development
22
Q

What is the first fully developed hematopoietic organ? What cells is it responsible for?

A
  • Thymus

- T-cells

23
Q

What organs are responsible for producing B-cells in the hepatic phase?

A
  • Kidneys and spleen
24
Q

What phase of cell development do we begin to see megakaryocytes present?

A
  • hepatic phase
25
Q 
What is the predominant hemoglobin found in the hepatic phase? 
What type(s) of hemoglobin is it replacing?
A
  • Hemoglobin F most predominant

- Replaces Gower-1, Gower-2, and Portland from mesoblastic phase

26
Q

At what age of development does the medullary phase begin/become primary phase?
Where is the primary site of hematopoiesis?

A
  • Begins before the fifth month (end of 24th week)

- Cell development moves to the medullary area of the bone marrow

27
Q

At what stage is the adult ratio of myeloid:erythroid activity seen?
What is that ratio?

A
  • Seen in the medullary stage

- Ratio is 3:1 M:E, which means that three times more lymphocytes are being produced than erythrocytes

28
Q

What are the two types of hemoglobin present in the myeloid stage?
What are the three types of cytokines found in this stage?

A
  • Hbg: F (predominant) and A

- Cytokines: EPO, G-CSF, and GM-CSF

29
Q

What cells are the thymus responsible for? What markers does it add to those cells?

A
  • Adds CD 4 and CD 8 to T-cells
30
Q

What organs are involved in adult hematopoietic tissue?

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Liver
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
31
Q

What are the primary and secondary lymphoid development tissues in adults?
When do the secondary tissues help in development?

A
  • Primary: Bone marrow and thymus (B & T cells)
  • Secondary: Spleen, lymph nodes, MALT
  • -not active unless other sites are rendered incapable
32
Q

What are the two components of bone marrow and when are they active?

A
  • Red marrow: primary site of cell development, and most of the time, maturation
  • Yellow marrow, contains adipocytes, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and macrophages. Not a site for cell production, but can become red marrow when the original marrow is unable to produce cells
33
Q

What is bone marrow retrogression?
At what age do we start seeing this occur?
What is the ratio of red:yellow in adults?

A
  • The process of red marrow becoming yellow marrow
  • Begins at around 5-7 years old. Before this age, all marrow is active red marrow.
  • By adulthood, ratio is 50:50
34
Q

Where in the bone marrow do:
erythrocytes develop?megakaryocytes develop?
(Im)mature myeloid cells develop?

A
  • Erythrocytes: clusters on the outer surfaces of the vascular sinuses
  • Mega: adjacent to the walls of the vascular sinuses - facilitates release of platelets into the lumen
  • Immature: through to the metamyelocyte stage located deep in the cords
  • Mature: moved closer to the vascular sinuses
35
Q

What are Kupffer cells?

A
  • macrophages that remove senescent (aged) cells and foreign debris from the blood that circulates through the liver
36
Q

What organ removes membrane-damaged RBCs from circulation?

A
  • The liver
37
Q

What is extramedullary hematopoiesis?

What organ is responsible for maintaining it?

A
  • hematopoiesis occurring outside of the bone marrow

- The liver

38
Q

What are enzymatic storage diseases (3) that effect Kupffer cells and result in hepatomegaly?

A
  • Gaucher disease
  • Niemann-Pick disease
  • Tay-Sachs disease
39
Q

What is the largest lymphoid organ in the body and what are the three types of tissues that make up this organ?

A
  • The spleen
  • White pulp (lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritics)
  • Red pulp (specialized macrophages)
  • Marginal zone
40
Q

Where are the cords of Billroth located?

A
  • The red pulp of the spleen
41
Q

What is the cellular distribution of the spleen (4 types)?

What are the cells responsible for?

A
  • B lymphocytes
  • Macrophages
    • RBC removal
  • Culling cells
    • Phagocytized with subsequent degradation of cell organelles
  • Pitting splenic macrophages
    • Remove inclusions or damaged surface membrane from the circulating RBCs
42
Q

What are some common causes of splenomegaly?

Seven examples given

A
  • Leukemias
  • RBC enzyme defects
  • Hemoglobinopathies
  • Hodgkins lymphoma
  • Thalassemias
  • EBV/mono
  • Malaria
43
Q

What type of cells are stored in the spleen?

About how much of the body’s supply is stored there?

A
  • About 30% of the body’s platelets are stored in the spleen
44
Q

What is an autosplenectomy?

For what blood disorder is this a common symptom?

A
  • When the body attacks/damages its own spleen

- Common symptom of sickle cell anemia

45
Q

What are the three major functions of the lymph nodes?

A
  • Site of lymphocyte proliferation
  • Initiation of the specific immune response to foreign antigens
  • Filter particulate matter, debris, and bacteria entering the lymph node via the lymph
46
Q

Where is the thymus located?

What is the cell distribution (6 types)?

A
  • Upper part of the anterior mediastinum at about the level of the great vessels of the heart
  • Cellular distribution lymphoid cells, mesenchymal cells, reticular cells, epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and many macrophages
47
Q

What happens to the thymus as we age?

At what ages do these changes typically occur?

A
  • Weighs 12 to 15 g at birth
  • Increases to 30 to 40 g at puberty
  • Decreases to 10 to 15 g at later ages

Hematology 1 and Body Fluids (9 decks)

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