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IHO: Week 1 - WLB > Hematopoiesis & Bone Marrow - Downing > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis & Bone Marrow - Downing Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of Hematopoietic Tissue?

A

Responsible for the formation of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

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2
Q

What are the two types of hematopoietic tissue?

A
  • Myeloid tissue (bone marrow)
  • Lymphatic tissue
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3
Q

What are the five subdivisions of hematopoiesis from myeloid tissue?

A
  • Erythropoiesis - formation of red blood cells
  • Granulopoiesis - formation of granular leukocytes
  • Lymphopoeisis - formation of lymphocytes
  • Monopoiesis - formation of monocytes
  • Thrombocytopoiesis - formation of platelets
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4
Q

Where is the first site of prenatal hemopoiesis in the 2nd-3rd week of embryonic life?

A

Yolk sac

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5
Q

What are the first two cell types formed in prenatal hemopoiesis?

A
  • Endothelial cells
    • line the vascular system
    • originate from mesenchymal cells
  • Undifferentiated pluripotential stem cells (colony forming unit = CFU)
    • originate from mesenchymal cells
    • CFU seeds the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
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6
Q

What organ is the major site of blood formation from week 6 until the middle of fetal life where erythropoiesis dominates and occurs extravascularly?

A

Liver

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7
Q

In what organ does hemopoiesis begin in about the 3rd month of fetal life?

A

Spleen

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8
Q

Red cells are still nucleated at 7 weeks, but become non-nucleated by what week?

A

11th week

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9
Q

In what organ is erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis greatest from the 3rd-5th months and lasts until 7th-8th months of fetal life, but lymphopoiesis lasts throughout life?

A

Spleen

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10
Q

In what tissue/organ does hemopoiesis begin in the 5th month of fetal life?

A

Bone

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11
Q

What is the first bone to develop a medullary cavity for myeloid tissue?

A

Clavicle

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12
Q

What is the name for the pathological condition where hematopoietic tissue develops elsewhere than bone marrow (spleen and/or liver) and produces the kinds of cells that are produced in bone marrow?

A

Extramedullary myelopoiesis

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13
Q

In what organ does lymphopoiesis occur, which begins in the 5th month of fetal life?

A

Thymus

(only lymphopoiesis occurs - forms T-lymphocytes)

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14
Q

What occupies much of the diaphysis of the long bones and consists primarily of fat cells with blood vessels coursing through?

A

Yellow Marrow

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15
Q

What type of myeloid tissue is actively engaged in hemopoietic events, and is located in the dipole of the skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral bodies, cancellous bone, long & short bones, and the iliac crest?

A

Red Marrow

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16
Q

Red marrow is present in long bones of neonates & children until age 5-7, but by what age is almost all marrow of the limbs converted to yellow marrow?

A

age 18

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17
Q

What are the three components of myeloid tissue?

A
  • Stroma
    • connective tissue network which supports the blood forming cells
  • Sinusoids
    • wide thin walled vessels which allow newly formed blood cells to gain access to the blood stream
  • Developing blood cells
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18
Q

What are the five types of cells in the bone marrow stroma?

A
  • Fibroblasts
    • produce collagenous fibers & reticular fibers
  • Macrophages
    • engulf & destroys imperfect RBCs, pieces of developing RBCs, and platelets
  • Fat-storing cells
    • predominate in yellow marrow
  • Osteogenic cells
    • can differentiate into osteoblasts
  • Endothelial cells
    • form the lining of the sinusoids
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19
Q

What two fibers are found in stroma of myeloid tissue and what is their function?

A
  • Collagenous fibers (Type III)
    • support larger blood vessels in medullary cavity
    • reinforce tissue as a whole
  • Reticular fibers
    • form network of fibers that support the blood forming cells
20
Q

What are the sinusoids of myeloid tissue and what are their function?

A
  • Wide vascular channels usually filled with blood cells
    • thin walls of simple squamous endothelium supported by a poorly developed basal lamina and reticular fibers
  • Surrounded by developing blood cells
  • Connecting the arterial and venous side of the circulation
21
Q

Red and white blood cells enter circulation by diapedesis, passing through the sinusoidal wall utilizing what two things?

A
  • Intercellular gaps
  • Endothelial cell pores
22
Q

What differentiating and growth regulating factor is produced in the kidney (& other sites), increases the number of hemoglobin-forming cells (erythroblasts) by stimulating the stem cells (CFU-E) to multiply and differentiate into hemoglobin-synthesizing cells, and the formation of it is stimulated by hypoxic conditions?

A

Erythropoietin

23
Q

What is the first recognizable cell of the erythrocyte series? What is so recognizable about it?

A
  • Blast cell
    • Nucleus = Round
      • 1+ nucleoli
    • Cytoplasm is basophilic (blue) due to ribosomes & polyribosomes
    • Mitotic cell
24
Q

What is the second recognizable cell of the erythrocyte maturation series? What is so recognizable about it?

A
  • Basophilic Erythroblast
    • Nucleus = Round
      • chromatin condensed (checker-board pattern)
      • no visible nucleoli
    • Cytoplasm is basophilic (blue/purple)
      • ribosomes essential for sythesizing more cell substance
      • polyribosomes required for hemoglobin synthesis
    • Mitotic cell
25
Q

What is the third recognizable cell of the erythrocyte maturation series? What is so recognizable about it?

A
  • Poly chromatophilic erythroblast
    • Nucleus = round & smaller
      • more clumped
      • no nucleoli
    • Cytoplasm purple/pink
      • less ribosomes
      • more hemoglobin
    • Mitotic cell
26
Q

What is the fourth recognizable cell of the erythrocyte maturation series? What is so recognizable about it?

A
  • Orthochromatophilic erythroblast
    • Nucleus = pyknotic (heterochromatic)
      • Karyorrhexis occurs - extrusion of the nucleus (moves to edge and casts out nucleus)
      • dark blue
    • Cytoplasm = eosinophilic due to hemoglobin
      • pink
    • NOT Mitotic
27
Q

What is the fifth recognizable cell of the erythrocyte maturation series? What is so recognizable about it?

A
  • Reticulocyte OR Orthochromatophilic erythrocyte
    • No nucleus
    • Identified with cresyl violet - see RNA reticular pattern
    • Small = 8 microns
    • Non-mitotic
28
Q

About how many RBCs are released into the circulation per second?

A

2,500,000

29
Q

How much time does it take for a basophilic erythroblast (2nd) to become a mature erythrocyte?

A

1 week

30
Q

About how many WBCs (incuding granulocytes & agranulocytes) are released into the circulation per second?

A

1,250,000

31
Q

How long does it take for a granulocyte to develop into a mature leukocyte?

A

about 14 days

32
Q

What is the first recognizable cell of the granulocyte maturation series? What is so recognizable about it?

A
  • Blast cell
    • Nucleus = round/oval
      • chromatin finely granular
      • 1+ nucleoli
    • Cytoplasm = basophilic due to ribosomes & polyribosomes
      • no granules present
    • Mitotic cell
33
Q

What is the second recognizable cell of the granulocyte maturation series? What is so recognizable about it?

A
  • Promyelocyte
    • Nucleus = round/oval
      • chromatin slightly courser
      • nucleoli present
    • Cytoplasm = granules present
      • Azurophilic granules appear first
      • Specific granules later
    • Mitotic cell
34
Q

What is the third recognizable cell of the granulocyte maturation series? What is so recognizable about it?

A
  • Myelocyte
    • Nucleus = round
      • chromatin more clumped
      • nucleoli absent
    • Cytoplasm
      • Specific granules increasing in number, while azurophilic granules decreasing in number
    • Mitotic cell
35
Q

What is the fourth recognizable cell of the granulocyte maturation series? What is so recognizable about it?

A
  • Metamyelocyte
    • Nucleus = indented, not round
      • chromatin condensing
    • Cytoplasm
      • granules present - specific granules most numerous
    • NON-mitotic
36
Q

What is the fifth recognizable cell of the granulocyte maturation series? What is so recognizable about it?

A
  • Band cell
    • Nucleus = not round
      • horseshoe shaped
      • chromatin condensed
    • Cytoplasm = granules present
    • Non-mitotic
37
Q

Where do B-lymphocytes develop?

A

bone marrow

38
Q

Where do T-lymphocytes develop?

A

thymus

39
Q

What are the four cell stages of the lymphopoiesis series?

(not recognizable)

A
  1. CFU-L
  2. Lymphoblast
  3. Prolymphocyte
  4. B-lymphocyte

(may differentiate further in response to antigens)

40
Q

Monocytes are precursors of what cells?

A

Macrophages

41
Q

What are the four cells of the monopoiesis series?

(non-recognizable)

A
  1. CFU-M
  2. Monoblast
  3. Promonocyte
  4. Monocyte
42
Q

Thrombocytopoiesis involves the giant nucleated cell called what?

A

Megakaryocyte

43
Q

What are the four cell stages in the thrombocytopoiesis in which cells undergo endomitoses without cytokinesis (division) or karyokinesis, resulting in a polyploid cell with a large multi-lobed nucleus?

A
  1. CFU-Meg
  2. Megakaryoblast
  3. Promegakaryocyte
  4. Megakaryocyte
44
Q

How do Megakaryocytes go on to form platelets?

A
  • Thrombopoietin stimulates platelet formation
  • Compartmentalization of megakaryocyte
    • membranes subdivide cytoplasm
    • compartments separate and form platelets
45
Q

How long is the life of a platelet?

A

10 days

IHO: Week 1 - WLB (8 decks)

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