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IHO: Week 1 - WLB > Circulating Blood - Downing > Flashcards

Circulating Blood - Downing Flashcards

1
Q

What is circulating blood made of?

A
  • Specialized connective tissue
    • cells
    • intracellular materials
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2
Q

What cells are in circulating blood?

A
  • Erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • Leukocytes (WBCs)
  • Platelets
  • Hemoconia or “dust” (broken down endothelial cells)
  • Chylomicrons (lipoprotein, fatty-like material)
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3
Q

What things make up the intracellular material of circulating blood (plasma or fluid component)?

A
  • Water (90%)
  • Proteins (7%)
    • albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
  • Inorganic Salts (0.9%)
    • Cl-, HCO3-, PO4-, Ca2+, Na+, K+
  • Organic Compounds (2.1%)
    • amino acids, vitamins, hormones, lipids, carbohydrates, etc.
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4
Q

What does circulating blood (connective tissue) first develop from?

A

Embryonic tissue mesenchyme

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5
Q

What is the difference between Plasma vs. Serum?

A
  • Plasma clots (has fibrinogen)
  • Serum does not clot (no fibrinogen)
    • Serum lacks the protein fibrinogen and some other clotting factors
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6
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

Transport of O2 and CO2

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7
Q

What is the shape of an erythrocyte dependent on?

A

spectrin-ankyrin-actin interaction

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8
Q

What is the cytoplasm of an erythrocyte composed of?

A
  • 2/3 Water
  • 1/3 Hemoglobin
  • 0/3 Organelles (1%)
    • no nucleus, no golgi, no centrioles, no lysosymes, no RER
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9
Q

What distinguishes Type A Blood?

A
  • Antigen A present
  • Antibodies to Antigen B
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10
Q

What distinguishes Type B Blood?

A
  • Antigen B present
  • Antibodies to Antigen A
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11
Q

What distinguishes Type AB Blood?

A
  • Antigens A & B present
  • No antibodies present
    • Universal Acceptor
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12
Q

What distinguishes Type O Blood?

A
  • Neither antigens A nor B present
  • Antibodies to A and B
    • Universal Donor
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13
Q

What is the life span of erythrocytes?

A

120-130 days

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14
Q

What is the life span of thrombocytes (platelets)?

A

8-10 days

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15
Q

What are platelets derived from?

A

Megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

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16
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Clotting mechanism

  • Platelets aggregate → trap other platelets, RBCs, proteins, etc.
  • Form Platelet Plug
  • Clot results
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17
Q

What is the inner central region of a platelet called? Peripheral region?

A
  • Central region = GRANULOMERE
    • Azurophilic granules
  • Peripheral region = HYALOMERE
    • Microtubule hula hoops
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18
Q

What are the two types of Leukocytes (WBCs)?

A
  • Granulocytes
    • have specific granules in cytoplasm
    • non-mitotic cells in the blood stream and after leaving the vascular system
    • Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
  • Agranulocytes
    • lack specific granules in cytoplasm
    • can reproduce by mitosis after leaving the vascular system
    • Lymphocytes, Monocytes
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19
Q

What does diapedesis mean?

A

The process by which WBCs leave the vascular system.

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20
Q

What are Neutrophils (PMNs) characterized by?

A
  • Multi-lobed nucleus
  • Specific granules in the cytoplasm
  • Most abundant leukocyte
    • 50-70% of differential count
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21
Q

What types of granules are contained in Neutrophils?

A
  • Azurophilic (primary) granules (20%)
    • lysosomal enzymes
  • Neutrophilic (specific/secondary) granules (80%)
    • Bactericidal substances: lysozyme, lactoferrin
  • Tertiary granules
    • Gelatinase - break down gelatin & collagen to help leukocyte migrate through connective tissue
22
Q

What is the function of Neutrophils?

A
  • First line of cellular defense
    • migrate to sites of infection
    • phagocytose bacteria, foreign objects, etc.
    • cells eventually die (martyr) - become pus
23
Q

What are the two killing mechanisms of Neutrophils?

A
  • Enzymatic
    • Phagosome + granules
  • Formation of reactive oxygen compounds
    • O2- = superoxide
    • HOCl = hypochlorous acid
    • MPO = myeloperoxidase
24
Q

What percentage of a differential count are Neutrophils?

A

50-70%

25
Q

What percentage of a differential count are Eosinophils?

A

1-4%

26
Q

What morphological features characterize Eosinophils?

A
  • Bi-lobed nucleus
  • Golgi & mitochondria
  • Cytoplasm
    • 2 types of granules
      • Specific granules
      • Azurophilic granules
27
Q

What is the function of Eosinophils?

A
  • Cells play a role in the phagocytosis and hydrolysis of antigen-antibody complexes.
  • Eosinophils degrade chemical mediators such as leukotrienes and histamine released by mast cells and basophils, thus regulating local inflammatory responses
28
Q

When does the differential count of eosinophils increase?

A
  • parasitic infections
    • major basic protein and eosinophil cationic protein bore holes in the pellicles ofparasitic worms, facilitating access of reactive oxygen compounds
  • allergic conditions such as hay fever and asthma
29
Q

What is the main location of Eosinophils?

A

Lamina propria of digestive and respiratory tracts

30
Q

What morphological features characterize Basophils?

A
  • Nucleus: irregular shape, s-shaped, difficult to see
  • Cytoplasm: two types of granules
    • Specific granules (large)
    • Azurophilic granules (lysosomes)
31
Q

What percentage of a differential count are Basophils?

A

0.5%

32
Q

When does Basophil count increase?

A
  • Increase in number along with other leukocytes with leukemia.
  • Increase in number in smallpox, chicken pox, and sinus inflammations.
33
Q

What is the function of Basophils?

A
  • Antigens can bind to IgE molecules whose Fc portion is bound to Fc receptors on the basophil surface
    • basophils release the specific granule contents into the extracellular spaces
    • release of histamine causes smooth muscle contraction (in the bronchial tree), vasodilation of microcirculation, and leaking of blood vessels
  • begin to produce and release leukotrienes
    • similar effects to histamine, but actions are slower and more persistent
34
Q

What percentage of a differential count are lymphocytes?

A

20-40%

35
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A
  • Lymphatic nodules
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
  • Tonsils,
  • Bone marrow
36
Q

What percentage of circulating lymphocytes are B-lymphocytes?

A

15%

37
Q

What is the fate of B-lymphocytes?

A
  • Plasma cells: antibody production and humoral immune responses
  • Memory cells: responsible for secondary immune responses
38
Q

What morphological features characterize Lymphocytes?

A
  • Most lymphocytes are small: 6-12 microns (90%)
  • Nucleus
    • spherical or slightly indented on one side
    • chromatin is densely packed with a hill and valley pattern
    • nucleolus present but not seen because of clumped chromatin
  • Cytoplasm
    • frequently appears as a thin rim
    • many free ribosomes and polysomes, some azurophilic granules, Golgi, RER, and mitochondria
39
Q

How do T-lymphocytes develop?

A
  • originate embryological from the yolk sac and seed the thymus by way of the
    • liver and bone marrow
    • multiply and differentiate into T-lymphocytes in the thymus - each developing
    • lymphocyte develops an individual antigenic specificity.
  • activation of T-cells (needed for activation)
    • appropriate antigen
    • macrophages must process the antigen for presentation
40
Q

What is the function of T-lymphocytes?

A
  • cell mediated immunity
  • assist in humoral immunity
41
Q

What are the three types of T-lymphocytes?

A

(1) Cytotoxic T-cells
(2) T-helper cells
(3) T-suppressor cells

42
Q

What are Null Cells?

A

Neither B- nor T-lymphocytes

ex. Natural Killer (NK) cells

43
Q

What percent of a differential count are Monocytes?

A

2-8%

44
Q

What morphological features characterize Monocytes?

A
  • Large size: 12-20 microns in diameter
  • Nucleus: indented, oval, kidney, or horseshoe-shaped
  • Cytoplasm:
    • vacuoles may or may not be present in the cytoplasm
    • some azurophilic granules may be present (contain lysosomal enzymes)
    • well-developed Golgi, some ribosomes and polysomes, mitochondria, and little RER
45
Q

What is the function of Monocytes?

A
  • Differentiate into macrophages in the connective tissues and other places
    • Kupffer cells (liver)
    • Microglial cells (CNS)
    • Antigen presenting cells
    • etc.
  • 2nd line of defense against invading organisms
46
Q

What is a monocytosis?

A

Increased monocyte count due to infectious and inflammatory diseases, tuberculosis, and leukemia.

47
Q

What are Chylomicrons?

A

A. Found in the plasma

B. Consists of fat combined with plasma proteins

C. Can be visualized with the light microscope after eating a fatty meal

48
Q

What is Hemoconia?

A

A. Best described as “junk” in the blood stream

B. Consists of broken down RBCs, endothelial cells, and ingested material not filtered out in the spleen

49
Q

What are the components of lymph?

A
  • Plasma
    • carries carbonic acid but little oxygen
  • Cells
    • lymphocytes are chief element
    • very few granulocytes
      • presence in any significant numbers is usually pathological
50
Q

What is the function of lymph?

A

A. Carries carbonic acid, but very little oxygen

B. Intestinal lymphatics after a meal become filled with a large number of chylomicrons, resulting in a white colored lymph known as chyle

C. Coagulates more slowly than blood, the fibrin forming a colorless clot

IHO: Week 1 - WLB (8 decks)

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