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Pathology II - Fall 2015 > Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of the hematopoietic system?

A 
bone marrow
spleen
thymus
blood cells
lymph nodes/lymphatics
MALT
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2
Q

As an embryo, hematopoietic cells originate from the…

A

yolk sac

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3
Q

During gestation, hematopoietic cells come from…

A

liver, spleen, bone marrow

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4
Q

Where does most hematopoiesis take place in the bone marrow?

A

venous sinus

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5
Q

What does extramedullary hematopoiesis mean?

A

hematopoiesis is occurring outside of the bone marrow

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6
Q

Megakaryocytes produce…

A

platelets

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7
Q

Erythroid progenitor cells produce…

A

RBCs

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8
Q

Granulocyte progenitor cells produce…

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

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9
Q

Pluripotent Stem cells give rise to…

A

lymphoid stem cells

myeloid stem cells

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10
Q

Lymphoid stem cells give rise to…

A

B lymphocytes
Plasma cells
T Lymphocytes

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11
Q

Myeloid stem cells give rise to…

A 
Granulocyte macrophage CFU --> Macrophages and Neutrophils
Eosinophil CFU --> Eosinophils
Basophil CFU --> Basophils
Megakaryocyte CFU --> Platelets
Erythroid CFU --> erythrocytes
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12
Q

How long does it take to produce neutrophils?

A

hours

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13
Q

How long does it take to produce platelets?

A

days

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14
Q

How long does it take to produce erythrocytes?

A

months

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15
Q

How long does it take to produce lymphocytes?

A

years

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16
Q

What controls hematopoiesis?

A

cytokines
hormones
growth factors

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17
Q

T/F Normally, mature and immature cells are systemically released.

A

False! Under normal circumstances, only mature cells are released into systemic circulation.

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18
Q

Release of immature cells into systemic circulation indicates…

A

bone marrow stress or disease

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19
Q

What are the active sites of hematopoiesis?

A

proximal humerus
sternum
femur

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20
Q

When examining bone marrow, abnormalities may include…

A

unexplained cytopenias
maturation defects/morphological abnormalities in blood cells
myeloproliferative/lymphoproliferative disease
malignancies metastatic to bone marrow

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21
Q

Myelopthiasis means…

A

replacement of bone marrow with anything but normal cells

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22
Q

Bone marrow responds (as a single unit/according to affected area). Therefore, samples taken (are/are not) representative of the marrow as a whole.

A

Bone marrow responds as a single unit. Therefore, samples taken are representative of the marrow as a whole.

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23
Q

What are methods of sampling bone marrow?

A

aspirate
bone marrow smear
core biopsies

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24
Q

What is the normal cellularity and myeloid/erythroid ratio in bone marrow?

A

1.5:1

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25
Q

Describe normal, active bone marrow’s appearance…

A

Homogenous color throughout - red

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26
Q

When observing bone marrow, hematopoiesis is concentrated (throughout/on the edges/central) and white marrow is concentrated (throughout/on the edges/ centrally).

A

When observing bone marrow, hematopoiesis is concentrated on the edges and white marrow is concentrated centrally.

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27
Q

If an animal becomes anorexic or has chronic disease, what do you expect to happen to the white marrow?

A

White marrow undergoes serous atrophy - turning into a “gelly-like” material.

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28
Q

Serous atrophy of fat depletes normal cells from the marrow. What is this called?

A

Cytopenia/Osteopenia

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29
Q

What insults can interfere with metabolically active hematopoiesis?

A

Radiation
Chemical, Antineoplastic Drugs
Viral Infections

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30
Q

T/F - Bone marrow necrosis may result in pancytopenia.

A

True!

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31
Q

Define Pancytopenia…

A

reduction in the number of whole blood cells

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32
Q

Usually, the result of bacterial infections, causing bone marrow inflammation, is called…

A

suppurative osteomyelitis

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33
Q

Diffuse granulomatous osteomyelitis is often the result of…

A

fungal infections by histoplasmosis and coccidiomycosis.

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34
Q

What is the hallmark of granulomatous osteomyelitis?

A

Macrophages

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35
Q

In an immunocompromised kitty, you find hepatitis, splints, and noticed cloudiness and an irregular shape to its eye. What is the irregular eye issue called?

A

granulomatous uveitis

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36
Q

What is a really good example of multifocal granulomatous osteomyelitis?

A

Tuberculosis

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37
Q

Cytauxzoonosis is caused by a protozoal organism. Who is its reservoir?

A

Bobcats (Lynx)

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38
Q

You take tissue aspirates from the Lymph node and spleen of a bobcat suspected of cytauxzoonosis. What are the phases of the disease you expect to find?

A

Schizogenous phase

Erythrocytic phase

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39
Q

What do you see in the schizogenous phase of cytauxzoonosis?

A

HUGE macrophages filled with schizonts and systemic illness

These large macrophages can result in vessel lumen occlusion!

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40
Q

What do you see in the erythrocytic phase of cytauxzoonosis?

A

anemia

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41
Q

Hematopoietic Hypoplasia/Atrophy is usually characterized by BLANK and often accompanies BLANK.

A

Hematopoietic Hypoplasia/Atrophy is usually characterized by AN INCREASE IN YELLOW MARROW and often accompanies MARROW DEGENERATION.

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42
Q

Pancytopenia is AKA…

A

Anemia, Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia

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43
Q

Pancytopenia may be the result of…

A

Myelopthisis

Abnormality of Hematopoietic Cells

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44
Q

A guinea pig with “scurvy” has myelofibrosis & is caused by

A

Vitamin C Deficiency

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45
Q

What other species commonly suffer from Vit. C Deficiency?

A

humans
primates
catfish

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46
Q

Hyperplasia of the Hematopoietic system grossly presents as…

A

red marrow replacing yellow marrow (fat) at the metaphysis and endosteal surface of diaphysis

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47
Q

What is the Pathogenesis of Hematopoietic Hyperplasia?

A

decreased cell numbers in blood caused by increased peripheral demand; or adequate numbers of hypo-functional cells in peripheral blood –> increased cell production in the marrow in response to pieties and interleukins

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48
Q

What autosomal recessive disorder results in 1 or more defects in the sequence of steps leading to the migration of leukocytes into sites of inflammation?

A

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency

  • bovine
  • dogs
  • cats
  • humans
  • horses
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49
Q

Compare leukemia to lymphoma…

A

Leukemia - located in circulation/blood; cancer of circulating lymphoid cells
Lymphoma - neoplasia of fixed cells in the tissues

50
Q

Primary neoplasia of the marrow are divided into…

A

Lymphoproliferative (Lymphoid) disease

Myeloproliferative (Myeloid) disease

51
Q

What are examples of lymphoproliferative disease neoplasms?

A

Lymphoma aka lymphosarcoma - soft, gray/white
Lymphoid (lymphocytic) leukemia
Plasma cell tumors

52
Q

What are the plasma cell tumors?

A

Multiple myeloma

Plasmacytoma

53
Q

What are examples of myeloproliferative disease neoplasms?

A

myeloid leukemia (acute and chronic)
myelodysplastic syndrome
histiocytic neoplasms

54
Q

What are the key characteristics of multiple myelomas?

A

osteolytic lesions
“punched out” appearance due to osteolysis
monoclonal gammopathy - may lead to hyper viscosity syndrome

55
Q

What methods are used to diagnose multiple myeloma?

A

aspiration

core biopsy

56
Q

What are histiocytes?

A

Histiocytes are tissue macrophages.

57
Q

Cutaneous plasmacytomas are (common/rare) and (malignant/benign). They and are found….

A

Cutaneous plasmacytomas are rare and benign. They are found in skin and mucous membranes.

58
Q

Extramedullary plasmacytomas are (common/rare) and (malignant/benign). A key characteristic of this neoplasm is…

A

Extramedully plasmacytomas are rare and malignant. A key characteristic of this neoplasm is amyloidosis.

59
Q

Acute myeloid leukemias are rapidly fatal. These neoplasms tend to occur in (older/younger) animals.

A

Acute myeloid leukemias are rapidly fatal. These neoplasms tend to occur in younger animals.

60
Q

Expression of BLANK supports the blastic nature of a hemic cell.

A

Expression of CD34 supports the blastic nature of a hemic cell.

61
Q

What are the common features of Myelo/Lympho proliferative diseases?

A 
anemia
hypercellular marrow
leukemic cells in peripheral circulation
megaloblastic alteration in erythroid cells
\+/- thrombocytopenia 
hepato/splenomegaly
62
Q

Multiple myelomas secrete large amounts of…

A

Ig/Ig subunit AKA paraprotein/M protein

63
Q

Multiple myelomas have osteolytic lesions. These lesions cause…

A

hypercalcemia

64
Q

You are examining a mesenteric lymph node aspirate from a rottweiler named Bruce. You see a lot of really big cells w/ a lot of cytoplasm and bean-shaped nuclei. You realize this neoplasm is uncommon and of macrophage/dendritic origin. What is the name of the neoplasm?

A

Histiocytic sarcoma

65
Q

What is the disseminated form of histiocytic sarcoma?

A

malignant histiocytosis

66
Q

What are the 2 non-neoplastic canine immunoregulatory disorders?

A

cutaneous histiocytosis

systemic histiocytosis

67
Q

What is the cell origin of benign canine cutaneous histiocytomas?

A

epidermal langerhans cells

68
Q

What is the cell of origin for feline progressive histiocytosis?

A

dendritic cells

69
Q

When you see maturation abnormalities of marrow cells that are not clearly neoplastic and can be characterized by ineffective and dysplastic hematopoiesis, you suspect…

A

myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)

70
Q

What are the typically signs of MDS?

A

peripheral cytopenia of one or more cell lines and concomitant marrow hypercellularity

71
Q

What are some examples of MDS?

A

cats infected with FeLV

congenital dyserythropoiesis, dyskeratosis and progressive alopecia of polled Herefords

72
Q

Secondary neoplasms of bone marrow are…

A

carcinomas and sarcomas

73
Q

What type of LNs are small, dark red and prominent in ruminants?

A

hemal lymph nodes

74
Q

Describe porcine lymph nodes…

A

inverted cortex and medulla

75
Q

Red lymph nodes means…

A

blood

76
Q

Black lymph nodes means…

A

carbon (pulmonary anthracosis) - carbon is retained in macrophages in the medulla
more common in highly polluted areas

77
Q

Brown lymph nodes are due to…

A

melanin
parasitic hematin
hemosiderin – hemosiderosis is found in lymph nodes draining hemorrhage

78
Q

Green lymph nodes are due to…

A

eosinophils

blue-green algae

79
Q

Orange lymph nodes are due to…

A

paratuberculosis in sheep

80
Q

How do LNs respond to injury?

A

hyperplasia
atrophy
inflammation - acute/chronic lymphadenitis

81
Q

Who are the resident cells of lymph nodes?

A

monocyte macrophages

82
Q

In a patient w/ TB, what do you expect from the lymphoid tissue?

A

Inner cortex will display T-lymphocyte hyperplasia

83
Q

In a cat with necrotizing lymphadenitis and focal areas of necrosis, what are your differentials?

A 
Y. pestis
Toxoplasma
Salmonellosis
Tularemia
Tyzzer's Disease
FIP
84
Q

In a horse with inflammation of the pharyngeal, and parotid LN’s and abscessation and fistulization of the mandibular LN’s you suspect what disease?

A

Strangles - Streptococcus equi ssp. equi

85
Q

You go to Farmer Joe’s to examine a sheep with onion like, caseous greenish pus-filled lesions around the mandibular lymph nodes. What is the etiologic agent?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

86
Q

You are examining a bovine mesenteric lymph node with granulomatous lymphadenitis. What is your suspected etiologic agent?

A

Mycobacterium bovis

87
Q

You are examining a canine lymph node aspirate. You see granulomatous lymphadenitis and suspect…

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

88
Q

You are examining the lymph node of a pig. You see diffuse granulomatous lymphadenitis, B & T lymphoid depletion, and botryoid intracytoplasmic inclusions. Etiologic agent?

A

Porcine Circovirus-2

Porcine Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome

89
Q

What are the reasons you may see small LNs?

A 
developmental disorders
lack of antigen stimulation
cachexia and malnutrition
aging
viral infections
radiation
90
Q

What are the reasons you may see large LNs?

A

lymphoid hyperplasia (follicular or diffuse)
lymphadenitis
primary/secondary neoplasms
hyperplasia of the monocyte-macrophage system

91
Q

What is one of them most common malignant neoplasms in domestic animals?

A

lymphosarcoma aka lymphoma aka malignant lymphoma

92
Q

What is the most common canine neoplasm that affects all ages and breeds and is treated with chemotherapy?

A

malignant lymphoma

93
Q

What is essential for accurate diagnosis of most lymphomas?

A

immunophenotyping

94
Q

Lymph Node neoplasm issues in cows…

A

lymphosarcoma

bovine enzootic leukosis

95
Q

What is the T cell marker?

A

CD3

96
Q

What is the B cell marker?

A

CD79a

97
Q

What is the most common reported malignancy in pigs?

A

Lymphoma

98
Q

What is the most common hemopoietic neoplasm in cats?

A

Lymphoma

99
Q

Lymphoma in cats is mostly located where?

A

gastrointestinal tract - jejunum

100
Q

Because gastrointestinal lymphomas are more commonly in the jejunum, what diagnostic tool is ineffective for cats?

A

endoscopic biopsies

101
Q

Virus family of Marek’s disease is…

A

Herpesvirus

102
Q

A flock of chickens sent to slaughter between 2-5 months of age were found to have lymphomas of the kidney, eyes, liver and skin. Further investigation found lymphocytic infiltrates and peripheral nephritis. What disease do these chickens have?

A

Marek’s disease

103
Q

What viral family do leukemias belong to?

A

Retroviruses

104
Q

Causes of diffuse splenic enlargement due to congestion…

A

barbituates (euthanasia)
septic shock (endotoxemia)
splenic torsion/venous blockage

105
Q

Diffuse Splenic enlargement due to cell proliferation/infiltration is caused by…

A 
extramedullary hematopoiesis
IMHA
Chronic bacteremia
systemic infection (Histoplasma/Ehrlichia)
Leukemia
106
Q

Diffuse Splenic enlargement due to accumulation of extracellular material is due to…

A

amyloidosis

107
Q

A nodular, neoplastic spleen is due to…

A

hemangiosarcoma
lymphosarcoma
histiocytic sarcoma
misc. sarcomas

108
Q

A non-neoplastic, nodular spleen is due to…

A 
hematomas
infarcts
nodular hyperplasia
follicular lymphoid hyperplasia
fibrohistiocytic nodules
siderotic plaques
109
Q

Causes of splenomegaly….

A

bloody spleen
meaty spleen
splenic nodules with a bloody consistency
splenic nodules with a firm consistency

110
Q

Developmental anomalies that cause a small spleen…

A 
splenic hypoplasia (SCID)
congenital accessory spleens
splenic fissures (horse)
111
Q

If you have an older dog that has gray-white-yellowish, hard, dry encrustations on the splenic capsule, you call it…

A

siderofibrosis of the splenic capsule

AKA siderotic plaques/nodules, Gamma-Gandy bodies

112
Q

A dog with IMHA may have splenomegaly due to…

A

hemosiderosis and histiocytosis

113
Q

What is the pathogenesis of hemosiderosis..

A

decreased rate of erythropoiesis –> rapid RBC destruction –> chronic heart failure and the need for an Fe dextran injection

114
Q

Amyloidosis is (reversible/irreversible) and common in (hamsters/gerbils).

A

Amyloidosis is irreversible and common in hamsters.

115
Q

If you find a splenic infarct in a pig, you should be alert about…

A

possibility of hog cholera (Classical Swine Fever)

116
Q

The viral family of hog cholera/classical swine fever is…

A

pestivirus

117
Q

T/F - Gastrosplenic torsion/volvulus in dogs is a circulatory disturbance causing acute passive congestion of the spleen that presents as splenomegaly.

A

Truth!

118
Q

Splenic rupture leads to seeding of the omentum and formation of numerous “accessory spleens” –>

A

splenosis

119
Q

T/F - splenic hematoma is frequent and often under diagnosed

A

Truth!!

120
Q

What does B. anthracis do to the spleen of a cow?

A

acute splenic hyperemia/splenitis with splenomegaly and severe hemorrhage and necrosis

Pathology II - Fall 2015 (5 decks)

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