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Pathology theory > hematopoiesis > Flashcards

hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoiesis is

A

the production of blood cells and platelets

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2
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBC

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3
Q

Leukopoiesis is

A

the production of WBC

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4
Q

Erythrocytes is

A

red blood cells

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5
Q

Erythropoiesis is

A

the production of RBCs

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6
Q

Thrombocytes are

A

platelets

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7
Q

Thrombopoiesis is

A

the production of platelets

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8
Q

Agranulocytes are

A

lymphocytes and monocytes
Occasionally contain granules but they will be in low numbers
When granules are present, they are often difficult to see

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9
Q

Granulocytes are

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Characterised by a segmented nucleus

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10
Q

Blood cell life span

A

Blood cells are constantly dying and being replaced

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11
Q

When does hematopoiesis begin

A

Hematopoiesis begins during early embryonic life
In the prenatal animal, hematopoiesis occurs in the liver, spleen, thymus and red bone marrow

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12
Q

Where does hematopoiesis happen

A

Red bone marrow is the primary site for blood cell production in the neonate and juvenile animals
Red bone marrow is found in almost every bone of the foetus and young animal
In adult animals, the red bone marrow is the primary production site as well, but there are fewer bones that contain red bone marrow
It is found in the long bones, ribs, sternum and hips
The spleen and liver can help with hematopoiesis during periods of stress
All blood cells arise from the same pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

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13
Q

Pluripotent stem cells can develop into various types of cells

A

These cells are capable of regeneration
They stay at constant, low numbers within the bone marrow

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14
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into two progenitors

A

Common myeloid progenitor
Common lymphoid progenitor
The pathway is determined by interactions with various chemical messengers known as cytokines (~24)

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15
Q

Erythropoiesis is

A

The production of erythrocytes or RBCs
Erythropoietin (EPO) is the primary cytokine responsible for RBC production

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16
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced

A

Primarily production in the kidney
Small amounts produced in liver
Normally presents in small amounts in the plasma to replace ageing or dying RBC
EPO travels within the blood to the bone marrow, here it binds to erythroid precursor cells to stimulate erythropoiesis
Stimulated by hypoxia

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17
Q

How does bone marrow do eryhtropoiesis

A

The bone marrow is constantly replacing ageing and dead cells in the peripheral circulation
These cells are usually removed by the phagocytic cells in the spleen
Splenectomised patients have a more bizarrely shaped red cells in theri circulation
In healthy animals, only mature and possibly a few near-to mature cells are released from the bone marrow
In cattle, the maturation process takes about 4 days, while in dogs it requires about 7 days

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18
Q

Erythropoiesis and hypoxia

A

With prolonged hypoxia, the bone marrow can increase its production of red cells by 4-5 times normal
Provided that all of the necessary materials are available
The time required for the release of the new red cells to peripheral blood following hypoxic stimulus is about 3-4 days

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19
Q

How is erythropoiesis in dogs affected by the kideny

A

In dogs, the kidney is the source of erythropoietin
Dogs with severe renal disease may have anemia as a complication
This is a significant problem in cats with severe renal disease as well
In the cat, the carotid body is involved with erythropoiesis

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20
Q

How long do RBC live

A

The red cells life span varies greatly from species to species
Longest living RBC is in cattle- about 5 months
The shortest is in the pig at about 2 months

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21
Q

Characteristics of Rubriblast in Erythropoiesis

A

Large cel (slightly bigger than neutrophil)
Round cell and nucleus
Thin rim of dark blue (basophilic) cytoplasm
Nucleoli preston (paler in colour, 1 or more will be present)
Perinuclear clear zone is often observed
A rubriblast can produce 8-16 mature cells

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22
Q

Charatereistics of Prorubricyte in Erythropoiesis

A

Slightly smaller than the rubriblast
No nuclei
Nucleus is more condensed
Often prominent perinuclear clear zone
Basophilic cytoplasm

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23
Q

Characteristics in Rubicyte in erythropoiesis

A

Significantly smaller than the prorubricyte
Nuclear chromatin shows an alternating light/dark pattern
Nucleus is dark purple
In the early stages, the cytoplasm is blue
The cytoplasm will gradually lighten and turn pink as hemoglobin (Hgb) matures

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24
Q

characteristics of Metarubricyte in erythropoiesis

A

Nucleus appears as a dark blue circle
Cytoplasm is deep red and skewed off to one side producing a comet tail appearance
Slightly larger than a mature erythrocyte
No longer capable of cell division
Hemoglobin formation is complete

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25
Q

Characteristics of Reticulocyte (polychromasia) in erythropoiesis

A

Nuclear
Contains ribosomal material which gives the cell a blue-purple appearance when stained
Macrocytic
Seen as polychromasia on Wright’s stain
Seen as aggregated material with a reticulocyte stain (dark blue)

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26
Q

characteristics of Erythrocyte in erythropoiesis

A

Anuclear
No ribosomal remnants remaining
Cytoplasm is pink due to mature Hgb

27
Q

Thrombopoiesis is

A

The production of thrombocytes (platelets)
Triggered by thrombopoietin as well as several other cytokines

28
Q

Thrombopoiesis happens in what

A

Trombopotiten is primarily produced in the liver
Small amounts are also produced in the kidneys and bone marrow

29
Q

Characteristics of magakaryoblast in theombopoiesis

A

Larger than other blast cells in the bone marrow
Contains a single nucleus
Very basophilic, scant cytoplasm

30
Q

Characteristics of Promegakaryocyte in thrombopoiesis

A

Contains 2-4 nuclei- nuclei continue to replicate
Nuclear lobes remain connected
Cytoplasm does not divide and consists of a rim around the nuclear mass

31
Q

Characteristics of megakaryocyte in thrombopoiesis

A

Extremely large (50-200 micrometres in diameter) at maturity
Numerous nuclear lobes are present
Cytoplasm is abundant, pale blue and contains reddish granules
The cytoplasm extends into thin, finger like projections that become platelets as they get sheared off of the cell

32
Q

Characteristics of platelets in thrombopoiesis

A

This is the stage at which platelets leave the bone marrow
They are not true cells→ they are fragments of the megakaryocytes cytoplasm
There is a great deal of variation in size and shape of platelets

33
Q

Platelet maturation is

A

Species such as reptiles, amphibians, and birds whose platelets possess nuclei, follow a different maturation phase than mammals
There Is are true thrombocytes (unlike platelets)- they are true cells

34
Q

Leukocytes are classified by

A

Classified by the presence or absence of granules
Agranulocytes- lymphocytes and monocytes
Granulocytes- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

35
Q

Granulopoiesis refers to what

A

Refers to the production of granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
These cells have a segmented nucleus

36
Q

Granulopoiesis is triggered by what

A

the hormone leukopoietin as well as several other cytokines

37
Q

The developing granulocytes are divided into two groups

A

Proliferation pool
Maturation pool

38
Q

Proliferation pool is waht for granulocytes

A

These cells are capable of mitosis
Includes myeloblasts, promyelocytes and myelocytes

39
Q

Maturation pool is waht for granulocytes

A

These cells can no longer divide
Includes metamyelocytes and band cells

40
Q

Maturation series of ganulocytes in regards to the nutrophilic series

A

The following maturation series is in regards to the neutrophilic series
Eosinophils and basophils follow the same developmental stages, though the colour of the granules varies

41
Q

Neutrophilic production is

A

Produced exclusively in active bone marrow of healthy, adult animals
In young animals, some production will occur in the spleen
With chronic inflammatory disease, production of neutrophils will occur in the spleen, liver and lymph nodes of adults

42
Q

Characteristics of Myeloblast in granulopoiesis

A

Large cell
Round to oval nucleus
Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
A few reddish granules may present in the cytoplasm
Pale gray-blue cytoplasm
Difficult to distinguish from other primitive blast cells
Larger and lighter in colour than rubriblasts

43
Q

Characteristics of promyelocyte in granulopoiesis

A

Slightly smaller and lighter than myeloblasts
Contain azurophilic granules (pink or purple)
Occasionally nuclei may be present- will be less prominent than in the myeloblast
More cytoplasm than myeloblast

44
Q

Characteristics of myelocyte in granulopoiesis

A

Slightly smaller and lighter in colour than promyelocytes
Nucleus is round and eccentrically placed
Nu nucleoli
Granules are visible as neutrophilic, eosinophilic or basophilic

45
Q

Characteristics of metamyelocyte in granulopoiesis

A

Similar to the myelocyte but nucleus is indented
Lighter coloured cytoplasm
Can no longer undergo cell division

46
Q

Characteristics of band nutrophil in granulopoiesis

A

Same colour as the mature segmented neutrophil
Nucleus is indeed to the point of being “U-shaped” with parallel sides and clubbed ends

47
Q

Characteristics of segmented nutrophil in granulopoiesis

A

purple/lavender coloured nucleus
Nucleus is segmented
Granules may or may not be distinct
Hypersegmented neutrophils- as cells age, the number of lobes of the nucleus increase- if >5 segments are present, the cells is classified as hypersegmented

48
Q

How to tell if its a band or segmented neutrophil

A

The narrowest region of the nucleus needs to be less than or equal to 2/3 of the width widest part of the nucleus to be classified as a segmented neutrophil (as opposed to a band cell)

49
Q

Maturation and orderly production

A

Because cells develop in a specific sequence, you won’t see a stage skipped on the smear
If you are seeing myelocytes as well as mature neutrophils on a smear, you will see all of the stages in between
There should always be a greater number of the most mature stages of cells unless the animal is very ill- left shifts
In healthy animals, you should only see segmented neutrophils an a few, if any band cells
ALWAYS categorize the cell by the more mature stage when you are unsure.
The only time we count disintegrating cells is when they total more than 10 % of the WBCs counted

50
Q

Transit time in neutrophilic kinetics is

A

the amount of time needed for the myeloblast to mature into a segmented neutrophil
In a healthy animal, normal transit time is 7 days
When stimulated due to inflammation, it can be as little as 2 days

51
Q

Circulation time in neutrophilic kinetics is

A

the amount of time between the release of the cell into blood and its arrival in tissue
In healthy animals, about 6-10 hours
The neutrophil pool is renewed 2-3 times per day
Samples down a few hours apart can be very different

52
Q

Monopoiesis is

A

The same pluripotent stem cell as the granulocytic cells

53
Q

Monocytic series is

A

Inst responsive to an infection in the way the neutrophilic series is
Only rarely overcome by a neoplastic disorders
Won’t be seen unless you do bone marrow worm

54
Q

Characteristics of monoblast in monopoiesis

A

Located in the bone marrow
Similar to appearance to myeloblasts but have an irregularly shaped nucleus

55
Q

Characteristics of promonocyte in monopoiesis

A

Located in the bone marrow
Similar in appearance to myelocytes and metamyelocytes

56
Q

Characteristics of monocyte in monopoiesis

A

Mature monocytes move into peripheral blood
May develop into macrophages if exposed to specific cytokines

57
Q

Lymphopoeisis is

A

Triggered by cytokines and antibodies
Starts with the common lymphoid precursor stem cell
Found in the bone marrow
Differentiate into T-lymphocyte, NK precursor or B-lymphocytes precursor

58
Q

Characteristics of lymphoblast

A

High nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio (N:C ratio)–the cell is comprised mostly of the nucleus, very little cytoplasm present
Oval to indented, eccentrically placed nucleus
Dark blue cytoplasm

59
Q

Characteristics of prolymphocyte

A

Decreased N:C ratio– cytoplasm makes up a greater volume of the cell
Large nucleoli
Lighter staining cytoplasm

60
Q

Characteristics of lymphocyte

A

Round to slightly indented nuclei
Dense, relatively smooth chromatin
Small amount of basophilic cytoplasm

61
Q

Juvenile B-lymphocytes mature:

A

In the bone marrow or ileal Peyer’s patches in dogs, pigs and ruminants
Bursa of Fabricius in birds

62
Q

Where do lymphocytes mature

A

T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus
Natural Killer cells mature in the bone marrow
Can also develop in the thymus and other lymphoid tissue
Immature stages may be seen in the peripheral blood due to neoplastic disease–relatively common in cats
Usually we would only note that immature stages are present (this along with c/s & Hx are diagnostic)

63
Q

Why do we only see imature lymphocytes

A

Usually due to a virally-induced neoplastic disorder
These cells are usually seen at the feathered edge
They will be abnormal in size &/or colour
May see nucleoli
May contain mitotic figures (cells that are seen to be dividing)

64
Q
A

Pathology theory (14 decks)

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