Hematology and Immunity

Question 1

What are neutrophils?

Answer 1

• common
• produced in bone marrow
• released into blood stream
• short life span
• move through capillary walls and enter into the tissues where they are activated
• once it finds foreign material it will engulf it
• site of infection pus will form

Question 2

What are mast cells, eosinophils and basophils?

Answer 2

• uncommon
• fight infection from parasites skin, gut and lungs
• involved in unwanted immune responses against innocuous substances

Question 3

What are monocytes?

Answer 3

• released by the bone marrow, float in bloodstream and enter tissue and differentiate into macrophages
• keep clean and disease free
• monocytes also become dendritic cells important for adaptive

Question 4

What is meant by the term natural killer cells?

Answer 4

• sometimes called granular lymphocytes contains cytotoxic granules
• important for anti-viral responses, recognsie virus infected cells and kill them
• lymphocytes, part of the innate immune system, because they can’t make unique receptors or clone themselves.

Question 5

What is meant by the term B-cells?

Answer 5

• antibody producing cells, take the form of an immunoglobin protein which is able to bind directly to it;’s matching antigen
• once this binding occcurs the B cell clone will divide rapidly and become a plasma cell, pumping out soluble versions of the same immunoglobin protein antibodies

Question 6

What is meant by the term T-cells?

Answer 6

• coordinaters of the immune system neccesary to help many other cells to perform at their best
  also express a unique immunoglobin receptor
  the receptor is only able to recognise small fragments and these must be presented to them by a cell such as a dendritic cell
  -once activated T-cell clones take on many roles within the body that include making cytokines (hormones) that direct the action of other cells such as B-cells.

Question 7

What are the primary lymphoid organs for T-cells and B-cells?

Answer 7

• primary lymphoid is where T-cells and B-cells mature and remove self reactive clones
• B cells mature in the bone marrow
• T cells mature in the thymus

Question 8

What are the secondary lymphoid organs for T-cells and B-cells in the body?

Answer 8

• once mature naive T cells and B cells circulate between blood and secondary lymphoid organs whcih include spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils
• secondary lymphoid organs are where immune responses start

Question 9

What cells are part of the innate immune system?

Answer 9

• all myeloid cells, and natural killer cells are part of the innate immune system

Question 10

What cells are part of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 10

• T-cells and B-cells

Question 11

What is meant by myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells?

Answer 11

• haematopoetic cells give rise to two progenator cells
• The common lymphoid progenator cell gives rise to T&B cells cells and NK cells
• The common myeloid progenitor cell gives rise to red blood cells, platelets, granulocytes and the monocyte