Hematology Flashcards
What components do you find in plasma?
- Proteins
- Water
- Other solutes
What are the formed elements in blood?
- Platelets
- Leukocytes
- Erythrocytes
What does a neutrophil do?
- Phagocytosis
- Early phase of inflammation
What does an eosinophil do?
- Pagocytosis
- Parasitic infections
What does a basophil do?
- Inflammatory response
- Allergic response
What does a lymphocyte do?
- Cellular
- Humoral immune response
What does a monocyte do?
- Phagocytosis
- Cellular immune response
What must the platelet count be for surgery?
-Greater than 50,000
What is hematocrit?
- Number of red blood cells
- Size of red blood cells
What is a normal platelet count?
-150,000-400,000
What is anemia?
- Is a reduction in the number of RBCs
- The quantity of hemoglobin
- Volume of RBCs
What are three main groups of why people would be anemic?
- Blood loss
- Decreased production of erythrocytes
- Increased destruction of erythrocytes
What is Iron-Deficiency anemia known as?
-Hypochromic microcytic
What causes hypochromic microcytic anemia?
- Inadequate dietary intake
- Malabsorption
- Blood loss
- Hemolysis
What is the most common clinical manifestations of iron-deficiency anemia?
- Pallor
- Inflammation of the tongue
- Cheilitis
- Sensitivity to cold
- Weakness and fatigue
What is the etiology of Thalassemia?
-Autosomal recessive genetic disorder of inadequate production of normal hemoglobin
What is characterized by large RBCs which are fragile and easily destroyed?
-Megaloblastic anemia
What are some common forms of megaloblastic anemia?
- Cobalamin deficiency
- Folic acid deficiency
What can folic acid deficiency cause?
-Megaloblastic anemia
What is folic acid required for?
-RBC formation and maturation
What causes folic acid deficiency?
- Poor dietary intake
- Alcohol abuse
- Hemodialysis
What is Cobalamin deficiency?
-Pernicious anemia (caused by vitamin B12 deficiency)
What is required for cobalamin absorption?
-Intrinsic Factor
What is the Schilling test?
-A medical investigation used for patients with vitamin B12 deficiency
What is the purpose of the Schilling test?
-To determine if the patient has pernicious anemia
What is the second most common cause of anemia?
-Normochromic normocytic
What are the causes of normochromic normocytic anemia?
- Impaired renal function
- Chronic inflammatory, infectious or malignant disease
- Chronic liver disease
- Folic acid deficiencies
- Splenomegaly
- Hepatitis
What is the most common cause of anemia?
-Iron deficiency anemia
What are the causes of cobalamin deficiency?
- Gastric mucosa not secreting IF
- GI surgery loss of IF-secreting gastric mucosal cells
- Long term use of H2 histamine receptor blockers
- Atrophy and loss of mucosa
- Nutritional deficiency
- Hereditary defects of cobalamin utilization
What is aplastic anemia characterized by?
-Pancytopenia
What is pancytopenia that deals with aplastic anemia?
-Decrease of all blood cell types
What is acute blood loss?
-Result of sudden hemorrhage
What is chronic blood loss?
- Similar to iron deficiency anemia
- GI bleeding, hemorrhoids, menstrual blood loss
What are some examples of hemolytic anemia?
- Sickle cell disease
- Acquired hemolytic anemia
- Hemochromatosis
What is intrinsic hemolytic anemia?
- Abnormal hemoglobin
- Enzyme deficiencies
- RBC membrane abnormalities
What is extrinsic hemolytic anemia?
- Normal RBCs
- Damaged by external factors (Liver spleen toxins,)
What is polycythemia?
-Overproduction of red blood cells
What are some symptoms of thrombocytopenia?
- Bruising
- Nosebleeds
- Petechiae
What are the types of thrombocytopenia?
-Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
.abnormal destruction of circulating platelets
.autoimmune disorder
.Destroyed in hosts spleen by macrophages
-Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
What are the treatments for thrombocytopenia?
- Based on cause
- Corticosteroids
- Plasmaphoresis
- Splenectomy
- Platelet transfusion
What would you do for a workup for treatment of bleeding dyscrasia?
- CBC
- PT (extrinsic)
- PTT (intrinsic)
- Hemogloin types
What is the INR?
Prothrombin time from the patient/prothrombin time calculated at that specific lab
What are the clinical manifestations of Cobalamin Deficiency?
- General symptoms of anemia
- Sore tongue
- Anorexia
- Weakness
- Paresthesias of the feet and hands
- Altered though process
