Endocrine system Hematology Flashcards
What are chemicals secreted by a cell that affects the functions of other cells?
-Hormones
What are non-steroid hormones made of?
-Amino acids or proteins
What is usually activated by non-steroid hormones?
-G-protein
T/F Non-steroid hormones can cross the cell membrane with ease
False
Can NOT
What type of hormones are derived from lipid molecules?
-Prostaglandins
Signal molecule bind to _____ which activates _____ which alters ______ which creates _____
- receptor protein
- intracellular signal molecules
- target proteins
- response
What type of hormone comes from the anterior pituitary?
-Trophic hormone
What is the decrease of hormone receptors which decreases the sensitivity to that hormone?
-Down-regulation
What is the increase in the number of receptors which causes the cell to be more sensitive to a particular hormone?
-Up-regulation
Where does the hypothalamus receive information from?
-Thalamus
What does the hypothalamus monitor?
- Temperature
- pH
- other conditions
What does the hypothalamus signal if conditions need to be corrected?
-Pituitary
What bony structure does the pituitary gland sit in?
-Sella turcica
What does the posterior pituitary receive?
- Oxytocin
- ADH
What does prolactin do?
-Stimulate milk production
What does TSH do?
-Stimulate the thyroid gland to release its hormones
What does FSH do?
- Stimulates estrogen production and maturation of the ova
- Males it stimulates sperm production
What does GH do?
-Stimulates increase in size of muscles and bones
What does LH do?
- Simulates ovulation in females and estrogen production
- Stimulates production of testosterone in males
What does ADH do?
Stimulate kidneys to conserve water
What is general stress syndrome caued by?
-Release of hormones
Is causes acromegaly?
-Increased productions of the GH or a tumor
How can you treat acromegaly?
-Medications to decrease GH production
What disease is associated with graves disease?
-Toxic goiter
What can head trauma lead to?
-Diabetes insipidus
What causes dwarfism?
-Underproduction of GH
What type of diabetes is decreased or absent production of insulin by the pancreas?
-Type I
What are the three P’s of signs of Diabetes mellitus?
- Polyuria
- Polydispia (great thirst)
- Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
What two things are you worried about if someone has diabetes?
- Poor wound healing
- Infection
If you body cannot use glucose because your diabetic what can than lead to?
-Diabetic Ketoacidosis because the body has to use the muscle and fat to create energy
What can occur with hyperinsulinism?
-Insulin shock
What should a normal blood glucose be?
Under 110 mg/dl and a fasting HbA1C less than 6
What is blood glucose for a diabetic?
- greater than 12-mg/dl
- HbA1C greater than 6-8
What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?
- Sudden onset
- Insulin dosing and no food
- Moist skin and drooling
- Strong pulse
- Tremors and convulsions
What are the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?
- Gradual onset, no insulin, food
- Dry skin, thirst, abdominal pain
- Deep respirations
If a person has a finger stick glucose of 205 mg/dl what does that correlate to for an Hba1c?
-8
What do you do for treatment for someone who has hypoglycemia?
-Oral carbohydrate under tongue
What are the major hormones formed from the thyroid?
- T3 and T4
- Calcitonin
What does calcitonin do?
-Lowers blood calcium by activating osteoblasts
What does PTH do?
-Raise the blood calcium by activating osteoclasts
If you have congenital hypothyroidism what is that known as in children?
-Cretinism
What can hyperthyroidism have associated with it?
- High heart rate
- Hypertension
What three things are associated with Graves disease?
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Atrial fibrillation
- Thyroid storm
What causes an endemic goiter?
- Iodine deficiency
- No TH synthesis
What can cause Myxedema?
- Removal of the thyroid gland
- Neck radiation
- Treatments and obesity
What causes graves disease?
-Over production of thyroid hormones
What are the signs of graves disease?
- Exophtalmos
- Goiter
If you have a hypoparathyroid disease what does that mean to your calcium levels?
-Hypocalcemia
If you have a hyperparathyroid disease what does that mean to your calcium levels?
-Excess PTH secretion = high calcium
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
-Catechalamines
What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
- Aldosterone
- Cortisol
What is cushing syndrome?
- Excess cortical secretion
- Causes hyperglycemia
- Appears as buffalo hump and moon face
What is adrenogenital syndrome?
- Adrenal androgen hypersecretion accompanies cushing syndrome
- Causes enlargement of external sexual organs
What causes Cushings disease?
- Long term use of steroids
- Excessive production of ACTH
What hormones are made in the adrenal medulla?
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
If a patient has a tumor near their kidney (adrenal gland) and the blood pressure is 200/120 what might you be thinking?
-Cushings disease
What causes Addisons disease?
- Unknown but may be due to cancer or an autoimmune dysfunction
- Due to destruction of adrenal cortex
What do you use to treat addisons disease?
-Corticosteroids (helps withstand stress)
