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Physiology > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid medium of the blood; Non-cellular part of the blood

A

Plasma

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2
Q

Plasma minus the clotting proteins

A

Serum

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3
Q

Plasma Composition: Water

A

90%

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4
Q

Plasma Composition: Plasma protein

A

8%

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5
Q

Plasma Composition: Inorganic salts

A

1%

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6
Q

Plasma Composition: Lipids

A

0.5%

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7
Q

Plasma Composition: Sugar

A

0.1%

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8
Q

Essential component of clotting system

A

Blood Coagulation Proteins

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9
Q

Major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma

A

Albumin

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10
Q

Proteases, Anti-proteases, Transport Proteins

A

Alpha Globulins

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11
Q

Transferrin & Other Transport Proteins

A

Beta Globulins

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12
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

Gamma Globulins

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13
Q

Major ECF Cation

A

Na

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14
Q

Carried to sites of breakdown or excretion

A

Organic Wastes

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15
Q

Process of forming blood elements in the bone marrow

A

Hemopoeisis

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16
Q

Site of blood cell formation beginning 3rd week of fetal development

A

Yolk sac/Aorta Gonad Mesonephros (AGM) Region

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17
Q

Site of blood cell formation beginning 3rd month of fetal development

A

Liver (with minor contributions from spleen, LN)

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18
Q

Only sources of blood cells post natally; begins at 4th month

A

Bone marrow

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19
Q

All Bone marrow active

A

Birth to Puberty

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20
Q

Only Bone marrow of vertebra, ribs, sternum, skull, pelvis, proximal epiphyseal region of humerus active

A

Age 30 (remaining marrow: yellow, fatty, inactive)

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21
Q

Post-embryonic extramedullary hematopoiesis in full term infant

A

Always abnormal

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22
Q

Most abundant blood cells that transport Hemoglobin that carries O2 and CO2, acts an acid-base buffer

A

Erythrocyte (RBC)

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23
Q

An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between CO2 & H2O to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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24
Q

Normal resting shape of RBC

A

Biconcave disc (due to spectrin) with bag pliability

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25
Q

Protein inside the RBC that bonds with Oxygen; Composed of 4 polypeptide subunits (2 alpha and 2 beta)

A

Hemoglobin

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26
Q

The % of cells in whole blood

A

Hematocrit

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27
Q

How many oxygen molecules can 1 hemoglobin molecule bind?

A

4 molecules of O2

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28
Q

Most common form of hemoglobin in adult human being

A

HbA (Hemoglobin A)

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29
Q

Has a higher affinity for O2 compared to HbA

A

HbF (Fetal Hemoglobin)

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30
Q

An essential metallic component of Heme

A

Iron

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31
Q

Total iron in the body

A

4-5g

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32
Q

RBC Formation: With nucleus, ER reabsorbed

A

Orthochromatic Erythroblast

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33
Q

RBC Formation: Baby RBCs; Without nucleus, With remnants of Golgi, Mitochondria and other organelles

A

Reticulocytes

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34
Q

Hormone stimulating RBC production

A

Erythropoeitin (EPO)

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35
Q

Main stimulus for EPO production

A

Hypoxia

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36
Q

Effect of EPO is seen after

A

5 days

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37
Q

Last RBC stage with nucleus

A

Orthochromatic Erythroblast

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38
Q

RBC stage released to the blood

A

Reticulocytes

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39
Q

Time to convert reticulocytes to RBC

A

1-2 days

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40
Q

Characteristic of Mature RBCs

A

No nucleus, mitochondria, ER

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41
Q

Lifespan of RBCs

A

120 days (adult), 90 days (fetal)

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42
Q

Intravascular destruction of old or damaged RBCs occurs here

A

Spleen

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43
Q

Extravascular destruction of RBCs is due to

A

Macrophages

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44
Q

Fate of Heme in destroyed RBC

A

Bilirubin

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45
Q

Nutrient essential for DNA synthesis

A

Vit B12 and Folic Acid

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46
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia + Neural deficits

A

Vit B12 Deficiency

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47
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia + Neural Tube Disorders

A

Folic Acid Deficiency

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48
Q

Needed to absorb Vit B12

A

Intrinsic Factor

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49
Q

Sources of Vit B12, Folic Acid

A

Vit B12: meatsFolic Acid: Cauliflower, Broccoli

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50
Q

Capability of the body to resist almost all types of organisms or toxins that tend to damage tissues and organs

A

Immunity

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51
Q

Pre-existing; Not acquired through contact with non-self; Non-specific; Quick; 1st line of Defense

A

Innate Immunity

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52
Q

Antibody mediated or Lymphoid Cells; Occurs after exposure to an antigen; Specific; Delayed response; 2nd line of Defense

A

Acquired Immunity

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53
Q

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

A

Granulocytes/PML/Myeloid Cells

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54
Q

Monocytes, Lymphocytes

A

Agranulocytes

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55
Q

Production: Granulocytes and Monocytes

A

Bone marrow

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56
Q

Production: LN, Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils, Peyer’s patches

A

Lymphocytes, Plasma Cells

57
Q

Lifespan of Granulocytes

A

4-8 hours in the blood4-5 days in tissuesShortened in infections

58
Q

Lifespan of Monocytes

A

10-20 hours in the bloodMonths in tissues

59
Q

Lifespan of Lymphocytes

A

Weeks to months

60
Q

Highly lobulated nucleus; Most common type of WBC; Acute inflammatory response to tissue injury

A

Neutrophils

61
Q

Bilobed nucleus, stain bright red with eosin dye; Weak phagocytes; For Parasitic infections and Allergic Reactions

A

Eosinophils

62
Q

Bilobed or trilobed nucleus, largely densely basophilic (blue) granules; Least common type; With functional similarities to Mast Cells; Produces histamine, heparin

A

Basophils

63
Q

Eccentrically placed nucleus; Largest WBC; Macrophages in tissues; Resident phagocytes

A

Monocytes

64
Q

Round, densely stained nucleus with a pale basophilic, non-granular cytoplasm; 2nd most common type; Adaptive immunity cells; T cell (Thymus), B cell (Bone marrow); Smallest WBC

A

Lymphocytes

65
Q

Small, non-nucleated cells from Megakaryocytes; Involved in Hemostasis; Life span: 7-10 days

A

Platelets

66
Q

Movement of Neutrophils and Macrophages towards Chemical signal?

A

Chemotaxis

67
Q

Movement out of the circulatory system and into the site of injury?

A

Diapedesis

68
Q

Release histamine causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

A

Mast Cells

69
Q

1st line of defense; Present within minutes; Identifies the pathogen then phagocytosis

A

Tissue Macrophages

70
Q

2nd line of defense; Will start migrating in response to inflammatory cytokines; Cause phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils

71
Q

3rd line of defense; Blood monocytes (inactive) are converted to tissues: Macrophage (active); Response time: at least 8 hours

A

Monocytes

72
Q

4th line of defense; Takes 3-4 days; Mediated by TNF, IL-1, GM-CSF, M-CSF

A

Increased Monocytes and Granulocyte production by BM

73
Q

Battlefield of dead cells and pathogens

A

Pus

74
Q

Caused by special immune system that forms Antibodies and/or activated lymphocytes that attack and destroy the specific invading organism or toxin

A

Adaptive Immunity

75
Q

Are gamma globulins called immunoglobulins; 20% of plasma protein; Formed by Plasma Cells (activated B cells)

A

Antibodies

76
Q

Determines specificity of Antigen

A

Variable portion

77
Q

Determines other properties of antibodies

A

Constant portion

78
Q

Divalent antibody, 75% antibodies (most abundant); Predominant antibody in secondary responses; Smallest (only one able to cross the placenta)

A

IgG

79
Q

Main immunoglobulin concerned with primary immune response; Present on all uncommitted B cells; Largest

A

IgM

80
Q

Main immunoglobulin un secretions (milk, saliva, tears, respiratory, intestinal and genital tract)

A

IgA

81
Q

Antibody mediated allergies and hypersensitivity

A

IgE

82
Q

Acts as an antigen receptor when present on the surface of certain B lymphocytes

A

IgD

83
Q

Clumping

A

Agglutination

84
Q

Insoluble antigen-antibody complex

A

Precipitation

85
Q

AB covers the toxic sites of the antigenic agent

A

Neutralization

86
Q

Rupture of the agent

A

Lysis

87
Q

Serve as marker that makes it easier to phagocytize foreign bodies

A

Opsonization

88
Q

Perforate foreign organisms

A

Membrane Attack Complex

89
Q

Which complement is responsible for opsonization?

A

C3b

90
Q

Which complement is an anaphylatoxin (induces inflammation)?

A

C3a, C4a, C5a

91
Q

Which complement is chemotactic to WBCs?

A

C5a

92
Q

Which complement is part of the Membrane Attach Complex (MAC)?

A

C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9

93
Q

Most numerous of T cells; Various “helper” functions; Regulatory function of lymphokines (IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, G-CSF, Interferon gamma)

A

Helper T cell

94
Q

Direct attack cell capable of killing microorganisms; Create “holes” (perforins); Targets virally infected cells, cancer cells, transplanted cells

A

Cytotoxic T cell

95
Q

“Peacekeeper”; Regulatory function by suppressing action of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells; Plays an important role in limiting the ability of the immune system to attack a person’s own body tissue

A

Suppressor T cells

96
Q

Induced after contact with foreign antigen (usually killed or live attenuated infectious agents); Long term protection, slow onset of action

A

Active Immunity

97
Q

Administration of antibodies (in antisera) in a vaccine; Prompt availability of large amount of antibodies; Short life span of antibodies, hypersensitivity reaction

A

Passive Immunity

98
Q

N-Acetyl-Galactosamine

A

Blood Type A

99
Q

Galactose

A

Blood Type B

100
Q

Both N-Acetyl-Galactosamine and Galactose

A

Blood Type AB

101
Q

None (No N-Acetyl-Galactosamine and Galactose)

A

Blood Type O

102
Q

Has D antigen

A

Rh (+)

103
Q

No D antigen

A

Rh (-)

104
Q

Determined by genotype from parents

A

Agglutinogens

105
Q

Spontaneously acquired from food, bacteria; Either IgM or IgG; Has multiple binding sites for agglutinogens

A

Agglutinins

106
Q

Types of Organ Transplantation: Self

A

Autograft

107
Q

Types of Organ Transplantation: Twin

A

Isograft/Syngeneic Graft

108
Q

Types of Organ Transplantation: Same species

A

Allograft

109
Q

Types of Organ Transplantation: Other species

A

Xenograft

110
Q

Responsible for graft rejection

A

T cells

111
Q

Mechanism to prevent blood loss whenever a vessel is severed or ruptured

A

Hemostasis

112
Q

Smooth muscles in the blood vessel contracts after trauma

A

Vascular constriction (1st Step)

113
Q

With Platelet Adhesion and Platelet Aggregation

A

Platelet Plug Formation (2nd Step)

114
Q

For platelet adhesion

A

vWFGlycoprotein 1b

115
Q

For platelet aggregation

A

FibrinogenGlycoprotein IIb-IIIa

116
Q

Cascade of chemical reactions in response to vessel damage/trauma to blood results in formation of Prothrombin Activator

A

Blood Coagulation (3rd Step)

117
Q

Converts Prothrombin to Thrombin

A

Prothrombin Activator

118
Q

Converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin

A

Thrombin

119
Q

Acts as a net/meshwork; Trap platelets, blood cells and plasma; Adhere to damage endothelium

A

Fibrin

120
Q

Due to trauma to the vascular walls; Faster (more explosive); Initiated by Tissue Factor (Factor VII, X, V)

A

Extrinsic pathway

121
Q

Due to trauma to the blood cells or exposure of blood to collagen from traumatized vessel walls; Slower; Initiated by Factor XII and Platelets (Factor XII, XI, IX, VIII)

A

Intrinsic pathway

122
Q

Which clotting factors are common to both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?

A

Factor X and V

123
Q

Factor I

A

Fibrinogen

124
Q

Factor II

A

Prothrombin

125
Q

Factor III

A

Tissue Factor; Tissue Thromboplastin

126
Q

Factor IV

A

Calcium

127
Q

Factor V

A

Proaccelerin; Labile Factor( Ac-globulin

128
Q

Factor VII

A

Serum Prothrombin Conversion Accelerator; Proconvertin; Stable Factor

129
Q

Factor VIII

A

Antihemophilic Factor; Antihemophilic Globulin; Antihemophilic Factor A

130
Q

Factor IX

A

Plasma Thromboplastin Component; Christmas Factor; Antihemophilic Factor B

131
Q

Factor X

A

Stuart Factor, Stuart-Prower Factor

132
Q

Factor XI

A

Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent; Antihemophilic Factor C

133
Q

Factor XII

A

Hageman Factor

134
Q

Factor XIII

A

Fibrin-stabilizing Factor

135
Q

Prekallikrein

A

Fletcher Factor

136
Q

HMW Kininogen

A

Fitzgerald Factor; HMWK

137
Q

Formation of Fibrous Tissue or Dissolution clot

A

Resolution (4th Step)

138
Q

Converts Plasminogen/Profibrinolysin to Plasmin/Fibrinolysin

A

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA)

Physiology (12 decks)

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