Hematology Flashcards
Fluid medium of the blood; Non-cellular part of the blood
Plasma
Plasma minus the clotting proteins
Serum
Plasma Composition: Water
90%
Plasma Composition: Plasma protein
8%
Plasma Composition: Inorganic salts
1%
Plasma Composition: Lipids
0.5%
Plasma Composition: Sugar
0.1%
Essential component of clotting system
Blood Coagulation Proteins
Major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma
Albumin
Proteases, Anti-proteases, Transport Proteins
Alpha Globulins
Transferrin & Other Transport Proteins
Beta Globulins
Immunoglobulins
Gamma Globulins
Major ECF Cation
Na
Carried to sites of breakdown or excretion
Organic Wastes
Process of forming blood elements in the bone marrow
Hemopoeisis
Site of blood cell formation beginning 3rd week of fetal development
Yolk sac/Aorta Gonad Mesonephros (AGM) Region
Site of blood cell formation beginning 3rd month of fetal development
Liver (with minor contributions from spleen, LN)
Only sources of blood cells post natally; begins at 4th month
Bone marrow
All Bone marrow active
Birth to Puberty
Only Bone marrow of vertebra, ribs, sternum, skull, pelvis, proximal epiphyseal region of humerus active
Age 30 (remaining marrow: yellow, fatty, inactive)
Post-embryonic extramedullary hematopoiesis in full term infant
Always abnormal
Most abundant blood cells that transport Hemoglobin that carries O2 and CO2, acts an acid-base buffer
Erythrocyte (RBC)
An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between CO2 & H2O to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Carbonic anhydrase
Normal resting shape of RBC
Biconcave disc (due to spectrin) with bag pliability
Protein inside the RBC that bonds with Oxygen; Composed of 4 polypeptide subunits (2 alpha and 2 beta)
Hemoglobin
The % of cells in whole blood
Hematocrit
How many oxygen molecules can 1 hemoglobin molecule bind?
4 molecules of O2
Most common form of hemoglobin in adult human being
HbA (Hemoglobin A)
Has a higher affinity for O2 compared to HbA
HbF (Fetal Hemoglobin)
An essential metallic component of Heme
Iron
Total iron in the body
4-5g
RBC Formation: With nucleus, ER reabsorbed
Orthochromatic Erythroblast
RBC Formation: Baby RBCs; Without nucleus, With remnants of Golgi, Mitochondria and other organelles
Reticulocytes
Hormone stimulating RBC production
Erythropoeitin (EPO)
Main stimulus for EPO production
Hypoxia
Effect of EPO is seen after
5 days
Last RBC stage with nucleus
Orthochromatic Erythroblast
RBC stage released to the blood
Reticulocytes
Time to convert reticulocytes to RBC
1-2 days
Characteristic of Mature RBCs
No nucleus, mitochondria, ER
Lifespan of RBCs
120 days (adult), 90 days (fetal)
Intravascular destruction of old or damaged RBCs occurs here
Spleen
Extravascular destruction of RBCs is due to
Macrophages
Fate of Heme in destroyed RBC
Bilirubin
Nutrient essential for DNA synthesis
Vit B12 and Folic Acid
Megaloblastic Anemia + Neural deficits
Vit B12 Deficiency
Megaloblastic Anemia + Neural Tube Disorders
Folic Acid Deficiency
Needed to absorb Vit B12
Intrinsic Factor
Sources of Vit B12, Folic Acid
Vit B12: meatsFolic Acid: Cauliflower, Broccoli
Capability of the body to resist almost all types of organisms or toxins that tend to damage tissues and organs
Immunity
Pre-existing; Not acquired through contact with non-self; Non-specific; Quick; 1st line of Defense
Innate Immunity
Antibody mediated or Lymphoid Cells; Occurs after exposure to an antigen; Specific; Delayed response; 2nd line of Defense
Acquired Immunity
Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
Granulocytes/PML/Myeloid Cells
Monocytes, Lymphocytes
Agranulocytes
Production: Granulocytes and Monocytes
Bone marrow
Production: LN, Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils, Peyer’s patches
Lymphocytes, Plasma Cells
Lifespan of Granulocytes
4-8 hours in the blood4-5 days in tissuesShortened in infections
Lifespan of Monocytes
10-20 hours in the bloodMonths in tissues
Lifespan of Lymphocytes
Weeks to months
Highly lobulated nucleus; Most common type of WBC; Acute inflammatory response to tissue injury
Neutrophils
Bilobed nucleus, stain bright red with eosin dye; Weak phagocytes; For Parasitic infections and Allergic Reactions
Eosinophils
Bilobed or trilobed nucleus, largely densely basophilic (blue) granules; Least common type; With functional similarities to Mast Cells; Produces histamine, heparin
Basophils
Eccentrically placed nucleus; Largest WBC; Macrophages in tissues; Resident phagocytes
Monocytes
Round, densely stained nucleus with a pale basophilic, non-granular cytoplasm; 2nd most common type; Adaptive immunity cells; T cell (Thymus), B cell (Bone marrow); Smallest WBC
Lymphocytes
Small, non-nucleated cells from Megakaryocytes; Involved in Hemostasis; Life span: 7-10 days
Platelets
Movement of Neutrophils and Macrophages towards Chemical signal?
Chemotaxis
Movement out of the circulatory system and into the site of injury?
Diapedesis
Release histamine causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Mast Cells
1st line of defense; Present within minutes; Identifies the pathogen then phagocytosis
Tissue Macrophages
2nd line of defense; Will start migrating in response to inflammatory cytokines; Cause phagocytosis
Neutrophils
3rd line of defense; Blood monocytes (inactive) are converted to tissues: Macrophage (active); Response time: at least 8 hours
Monocytes
4th line of defense; Takes 3-4 days; Mediated by TNF, IL-1, GM-CSF, M-CSF
Increased Monocytes and Granulocyte production by BM
Battlefield of dead cells and pathogens
Pus
Caused by special immune system that forms Antibodies and/or activated lymphocytes that attack and destroy the specific invading organism or toxin
Adaptive Immunity
Are gamma globulins called immunoglobulins; 20% of plasma protein; Formed by Plasma Cells (activated B cells)
Antibodies
Determines specificity of Antigen
Variable portion
Determines other properties of antibodies
Constant portion
Divalent antibody, 75% antibodies (most abundant); Predominant antibody in secondary responses; Smallest (only one able to cross the placenta)
IgG
Main immunoglobulin concerned with primary immune response; Present on all uncommitted B cells; Largest
IgM
Main immunoglobulin un secretions (milk, saliva, tears, respiratory, intestinal and genital tract)
IgA
Antibody mediated allergies and hypersensitivity
IgE
Acts as an antigen receptor when present on the surface of certain B lymphocytes
IgD
Clumping
Agglutination
Insoluble antigen-antibody complex
Precipitation
AB covers the toxic sites of the antigenic agent
Neutralization
Rupture of the agent
Lysis
Serve as marker that makes it easier to phagocytize foreign bodies
Opsonization
Perforate foreign organisms
Membrane Attack Complex
Which complement is responsible for opsonization?
C3b
Which complement is an anaphylatoxin (induces inflammation)?
C3a, C4a, C5a
Which complement is chemotactic to WBCs?
C5a
Which complement is part of the Membrane Attach Complex (MAC)?
C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9
Most numerous of T cells; Various “helper” functions; Regulatory function of lymphokines (IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, G-CSF, Interferon gamma)
Helper T cell
Direct attack cell capable of killing microorganisms; Create “holes” (perforins); Targets virally infected cells, cancer cells, transplanted cells
Cytotoxic T cell
“Peacekeeper”; Regulatory function by suppressing action of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells; Plays an important role in limiting the ability of the immune system to attack a person’s own body tissue
Suppressor T cells
Induced after contact with foreign antigen (usually killed or live attenuated infectious agents); Long term protection, slow onset of action
Active Immunity
Administration of antibodies (in antisera) in a vaccine; Prompt availability of large amount of antibodies; Short life span of antibodies, hypersensitivity reaction
Passive Immunity
N-Acetyl-Galactosamine
Blood Type A
Galactose
Blood Type B
Both N-Acetyl-Galactosamine and Galactose
Blood Type AB
None (No N-Acetyl-Galactosamine and Galactose)
Blood Type O
Has D antigen
Rh (+)
No D antigen
Rh (-)
Determined by genotype from parents
Agglutinogens
Spontaneously acquired from food, bacteria; Either IgM or IgG; Has multiple binding sites for agglutinogens
Agglutinins
Types of Organ Transplantation: Self
Autograft
Types of Organ Transplantation: Twin
Isograft/Syngeneic Graft
Types of Organ Transplantation: Same species
Allograft
Types of Organ Transplantation: Other species
Xenograft
Responsible for graft rejection
T cells
Mechanism to prevent blood loss whenever a vessel is severed or ruptured
Hemostasis
Smooth muscles in the blood vessel contracts after trauma
Vascular constriction (1st Step)
With Platelet Adhesion and Platelet Aggregation
Platelet Plug Formation (2nd Step)
For platelet adhesion
vWFGlycoprotein 1b
For platelet aggregation
FibrinogenGlycoprotein IIb-IIIa
Cascade of chemical reactions in response to vessel damage/trauma to blood results in formation of Prothrombin Activator
Blood Coagulation (3rd Step)
Converts Prothrombin to Thrombin
Prothrombin Activator
Converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin
Thrombin
Acts as a net/meshwork; Trap platelets, blood cells and plasma; Adhere to damage endothelium
Fibrin
Due to trauma to the vascular walls; Faster (more explosive); Initiated by Tissue Factor (Factor VII, X, V)
Extrinsic pathway
Due to trauma to the blood cells or exposure of blood to collagen from traumatized vessel walls; Slower; Initiated by Factor XII and Platelets (Factor XII, XI, IX, VIII)
Intrinsic pathway
Which clotting factors are common to both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?
Factor X and V
Factor I
Fibrinogen
Factor II
Prothrombin
Factor III
Tissue Factor; Tissue Thromboplastin
Factor IV
Calcium
Factor V
Proaccelerin; Labile Factor( Ac-globulin
Factor VII
Serum Prothrombin Conversion Accelerator; Proconvertin; Stable Factor
Factor VIII
Antihemophilic Factor; Antihemophilic Globulin; Antihemophilic Factor A
Factor IX
Plasma Thromboplastin Component; Christmas Factor; Antihemophilic Factor B
Factor X
Stuart Factor, Stuart-Prower Factor
Factor XI
Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent; Antihemophilic Factor C
Factor XII
Hageman Factor
Factor XIII
Fibrin-stabilizing Factor
Prekallikrein
Fletcher Factor
HMW Kininogen
Fitzgerald Factor; HMWK
Formation of Fibrous Tissue or Dissolution clot
Resolution (4th Step)
Converts Plasminogen/Profibrinolysin to Plasmin/Fibrinolysin
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA)
