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210 Med-Surg > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need blood?

A

To deliver oxygen to all the body tissues
Destroys abnormal and forgein cells (i.e. bacteria, virus, parasites)
Blood Clotting
Transport fluid, nutrients, and electrolytes
Help maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

What’s in the blood?

A

Plasma 55%
RBC’s 40-45%
WBC’s/Platelets >1%

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3
Q

Plasma consists of

A

Mostly Water
Proteins
Electrolytes
Nutrients
Hormones
Vitamins
Waste

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4
Q

Which protein maintains the volume?

A

Albumin

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5
Q

Which protein contributes the most in clotting?

A

Fibrinogen

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6
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma minus fibrinogen and other clotting factors

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7
Q

What is needed to make RBC’s

A

Iron
Other metals
Vitamins (B12, folic acid B9, pyridoxine B6)

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8
Q

Life span of a RBC

A

120 days

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9
Q

What is hemolysis and where does it occur?

A

“old” or damaged cells are destroyed; in the spleen, liver, bone marrow, and lymph nodes

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10
Q

Function of hemoglobin in RBC’s

A

Millions of hemoglobin molecules attached to a molecule of iron

Iron which carries oxygen to tissue and CO2 back to lungs

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11
Q

Shape of RBC’s

A

Biconcave discs and very flexible to fid through capillaries, as they fit 1 RBC at a time.

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12
Q

5 Kinds of WBC’s

A

Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

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13
Q

First WBC responder to infection

A

Neutrophils

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14
Q

Which WBC produces antibodies?

A

Plasma Cells (B-lymphocytes)

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15
Q

Subjective Assessment (10)

A

Recent changes in energy levels/ability to perform ADL’s
Bleeding/easy bruising
Pain, burning, tingling of extremities
Changes in skin color/temp
Usual diet (getting adequate nutrition)
Current meds (Rx, OTC, street drugs)
Surgeries
Blood transfusion (hx of reaction?)
Hx of chronic diseases, cancer, heart disease, COPD, kidney disease, blood disorders

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16
Q

Objective Assessment: Physical Exam

A

VS!!!
Skin and mucous membranes
Lymph nodes
Elimination

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17
Q

What do you inspect the skin and mucous membranes for?

A

Pallor
Cyanosis
Jaundice
Bleeding in/under the skin (petechiae, purport, ecchymoses)
Temp
Capillary Refill
Edema

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18
Q

How do you inspect the lymph nodes?

A

Check the neck, axillae, and groin for tenderness (usually indicates infection)

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19
Q

What do you look for when inspecting bowel elimination?

A

Melena stools, bleeding with stools (+FOB), diarrhea

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20
Q

What noninvasive test is commonly done for GI bleeding?

A

FOBT (fecal occult blood test)

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21
Q

Objective Assessment: Labs

A

CBC
PT/INR - Coumadin
aPTT - Heparin
Serum Iron tests
Schiling’s test (Vit B test)
Coombs’ test
Bone Marrow Biopsy

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22
Q

What is a WBC count >10,000 called?

A

Leukocytosis - usually a sign of infection

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23
Q

Life-threatening WBC condition

A

Leukopenia (Neutropenia; Agranulocytosis)

What is the critical level to indicate this? WBC<5,000

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24
Q

What is the level indicating thrombocytopenia?

A

reduction of platelets below 150,000

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25
Q

Anemia - level to give blood transfusion

A

Hgb <6

26
Q

Anemia is a deficiency in

A

number of RBC’s,
quantity of Hbg, and/or
Hct

27
Q

Causes of Anemia

A

Hemorrhage
Ineffective erythropoiesis (Impaired production of RBC’s)
Increased hemolysis

28
Q

Gerontologic Considerations with Anemia

A

Poor Nutrition
Cobalamin deficiency d/t decreased absorption

Overlooked S/S: AMS, pallor, ataxia (unsteady gait), fatigue, worsening angina and HF

29
Q

Adminstration of Blood Products precaution

A

ALWAYS check the blood product at the bedside with another RN (or MD)

30
Q

When administering PRBC (packed RBC’s), they

A

Must ALWAYS be given with 0.9% NS
Must be typed and crossmatched
May need leukocyte filter to prevent febrile reaction

31
Q

Clients with massive hemorrhage are given

A

FFP (Fresh Frozen Plasma) to replace clotting factors

32
Q

What blood product is administered for blood clotting disorders?

A

Platelets

33
Q

Blood products must be administered _________ of obtaining from blood bank, otherwise, it must ________.

A

within 30 minutes

be returned to the blood bank

34
Q

Types of Transfusion Reactions

A

Acute Hemolytic
Febrile Nonhemolytic
Allergic
Bacterial
Circulatory Overload
TRALI (transfusion-related acute lung injury)
Delayed Hemolytic Reaction
Disease Acquisition (rare)

35
Q

What should you do when client is experiencing a transfusion reaction?

A

STOP the transfusion

36
Q

What is Thrombocytopenia? Risk?

A

Too few platelets

Risk for bleeding

37
Q

What is Thrombocytosis? Risk?

A

Too many platelets

Risk for unnecessary blood clots

38
Q

How can herbal therapies, such as ginkgo biloba, garlic, and ginseng affect the blood?

A

May increase the risk for bleeding

39
Q

What is the Lymphatic System? (anatomical structures)

A

Consists of lymph vessels, nodes, and organs (spleen, thymus)

40
Q

What does the Lymphatic System do?

A

Returns excess fluid from interstitial spaces to heart and helps protect the body from infections

41
Q

Function of Lymph Nodes

A

remove foreign matter, infectious organisms, and tumor cells from lymph

42
Q

Function of Spleen

A

Filters blood - removes “old” or damaged RBC’s
Produces lymphocytes
Stores blood and platelets

43
Q

Lymphedema is ______ , and what are some precautions to take when a client has it?

A

a buildup of fluid that causes swelling d/t a malfunction in the lymphatic system

No B/P or sticks on affected side
Elevate above heart
Avoid injury
No constricting clothing

44
Q

Neutropenia is ______ which increases _______.

A

a decrease in number of neutrophils <2,000

risk for infection

45
Q

Neutropenia S/S

A

low-grade fever may indicate SERIOUS infection

minor infection may lead to life-threatening SEPSIS

46
Q

Clients with neutropenia will most likely have a weakened immune system, and should be placed

A

in a reverse isolation room (positive airflow)

47
Q

Neutropenia in regard to chemo

A

Chemo may need to be held until neutrophil count increases

48
Q

Which type of leukemia is most commonly diagnosed in children?

A) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
B) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
C) Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
D) Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

A

B

49
Q

Which protein is involved in the formation of a blood clot by creating a mesh that traps blood cells?

A) Hemoglobin
B) Fibrin
C) Platelets
D) Albumin

A

B

50
Q

What is the main cause of sickle cell anemia?

A) Iron deficiency
B) Vitamin B12 deficiency
C) Genetic mutation in hemoglobin
D) Excessive blood loss

A

C

51
Q

Which type of white blood cell is involved in the response to bacterial infections and is characterized by a multi-lobed nucleus?

A) Neutrophils
B) Lymphocytes
C) Monocytes
D) Eosinophils

A

A

52
Q

What is the name of the process by which white blood cells exit the bloodstream to reach an infection site?

A) Hemolysis
B) Diapedesis
C) Phagocytosis
D) Hemostasis

A

B

53
Q

Which of the following conditions is characterized by a high number of immature white blood cells in the blood?

A) Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
B) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
C) Iron-deficiency anemia
D) Thrombocythemia

A

A

54
Q

What is the main function of bone marrow in relation to blood cells?

A) Filtering and removing old blood cells
B) Producing new blood cells
C) Storing nutrients for blood cells
D) Absorbing excess blood plasma

A

B

55
Q

What genetic mutation is responsible for sickle cell anemia?

A) Mutation in the HBB gene
B) Mutation in the HBA gene
C) Mutation in the G6PD gene
D) Mutation in the JAK2 gene

A

A

56
Q

Which blood disorder involves a deficiency in clotting factors leading to excessive bleeding?

A) Hemophilia
B) Thrombocytopenia
C) Polycythemia vera
D) Essential thrombocythemia

A

A

57
Q

Which factor is known as the “Christmas factor” and is involved in blood clotting?

A) Factor VIII
B) Factor IX
C) Factor X
D) Factor VII

A

B

58
Q

What is the primary purpose of a bone marrow biopsy in diagnosing hematologic disorders?

A) To measure blood pressure
B) To evaluate bone density
C) To assess the production of blood cells and identify abnormalities
D) To determine blood oxygen levels

A

C

59
Q

For a patient with hemophilia, which of the following treatments is used to replace the deficient clotting factor?

A) Vitamin K supplementation
B) Fibrinogen replacement
C) Clotting factor concentrates
D) Anticoagulant medications

A

C

60
Q

What is the primary treatment goal for patients with sickle cell disease during a vaso-occlusive crisis?

A) Administering antibiotics
B) Managing pain and hydration
C) Performing blood transfusions
D) Providing immunizations

A

B

210 Med-Surg (3 decks)

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