Hematology Flashcards
To aid in diagnosing anemia, certain cancers of the blood, inflammatory diseases, and to monitor blood loss and infection
CBC
This is the
oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells
HB
To diagnose and/or to monitor certain types of bleeding and clotting disorders
Platelet count (usually done as part of the CBC)
To evaluate bleeding and clotting disorders and to monitor anticoagulation (anticlotting) therapies
Prothrombin time (PT) Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) International Normalized Ratio (INR)
RBC reference range and clinical significance
4-6 million/ uL; Anemia and bleeding
Hb and Hct reference range for men
Hb: 14-18
Hct: 42-54%
Hb and Hct reference range for female
Hb: 12-16 g/ dL
Female: 38-46%
Hb and Hct Clinical Significance
Low Values: Anemia, Massive Blood Loss
High Values: Polycythemia, Dehydration/severe blood loss
RBC indices ref range
MCV: 84-99 fL
MCH: 26-32 pg
MCHC: 30-36 g/dL
Low MCV and MCHC could lead to
Microcytic hypochromic anemia secondary to iron deficiency or thalassemia
High MCV could mean
macrocytic anema secondary to megaloblastic anemia
RBC deficiency could lead to
- Hemolytic anemia: decrease number of RBC
- Excess bleeding
- Hereditary spherocytosis :
rare blood disorder in which defects in the red blood cells cause them to be shaped like spheres and break down easily
Hereditary spherocytosis
Over production of RBC
Polycythemia
caused by overproduction of red blood cells by the bone marrow due to mutation or biological factor in the body
Primary polycythemia
which is caused by factors that reduce the amount of oxygen reaching the body’s tissues, such as smoking, high altitude or congenital heart disease.
Secondary polycythemia:
The red blood cells in some patients with _____________ may carry an abnormal form of hemoglobin that does not release oxygen readily (high-affinity hemoglobin).
secondary polycythemia
hemoglobin levels are decrease but RBC size is normal (acute blood loss, anemia, chronic diseases).
Normocytic
insufficiency of hemoglobin synthesis (iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia)
Microcytic
deficiency of vitamin B1 or folic acid (hypothyroidism, alcoholism)
Macrocytic
alteration in hemoglobin structure
Sickle cell anemia
a measure of how much space red blood cells take up in your blood.
Hematocrit
high hematocrit level might mean
dehydration
low hematocrit level might mean
anemia
Abnormal hematocrit levels may also be a sign of a
blood or bone marrow disorder.
Determined by centrifuging a capillary of whole blood and comparing the height of settled red cells to that of whole blood
Hematocrit
Hematocrit equation
%HCT = (Redcells/Volume) x 100
T/F: Hemoglobin and Hematocrit are affected similarly by the same medical conditions
True
Hemoglobin and Hematocrit may be decreased due to:
-blood loss
-chronic disease
-infiltrative diseases of the bone marrow
Hemoglobin and Hematocrit may be increased due to:
-hemoconcentration form dehydration
-chronic hypoxic state as with COPD
-polycythemia vera
Known as leukopenia
low WBC
Known as leukocytosis
high WBC
T/F: Allergies, asthma may cause high WBC count
True
T/F: Intense exercise or severe
stress may cause high WBC count
True
neutropenia
low Neu, PMN, polys
Reaction to drugs, chemotherapy · Immunodeficiency
neutropenia
neutrophilia
high Neu, PMN, polys
· Cushing syndrome
neutrophilia
lymphocytopenia
low lymphocytes
lymphocytosis
high lymphocytes
T/F: Usually, one low count of Monocyte is not medically · significant.
True
Repeated low counts of monocyte can indicate:
· Bone marrow damage or failure
· Hairy cell leukemia ·
· Aplastic anemia
High count of monocyte indicates
chronic infection, infection within the heart, collagen vascular diseases
T/F: Eosinophil numbers are normally low in the blood
true
T/F: Parasitic infection can cause a rise in eosinophil number
True
T/F: like eosinophil, basophil numbers are normally low in the blood
True
High basophil could indicate
rare allergic reactions
increase in platelet count
thrombocytosis
thrombocytosis could be caused by
hemorrhage, IDA
decrease in platelet count
thrombocytopenia
thrombocytopenia could be caused by
Dengue, aplastic or hypoplastic bone marrow, depression
An abnormally low level may be indicative of liver disease, primary fibrinolysis (a breakdown of clots), or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
Factor V
Abnormal results may be a sign of excessive bleeding or hemorrhage, fibrinolysis, or placental abruption, which is a separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
Fibrinogen level
protein made by your liver
Fibrinogen
a substance involved in clotting
Factor V
Blood clotting tests:
Factor V assay, Fibrinogen level
a measure of the average size of your RBC.
MCV
Abnormal MCV levels may be a sign of
anemia or thalassemia.
Macro or microcytic:
- alcoholism
- vitamin B 12 and folate deficiency
- hypothyroidism
Macro
Macro or microcytic:
- iron deficiency anemia
- genetic abnormalities such as thalassemia
Micro
test measures how well and how long it takes your blood to clot. It normally takes about 25 to 30 seconds. It may take longer if you take blood thinners.
prothrombin time (PT)
abnormal results of PT may be due to
hemophilia, liver disease, and malabsorption.
useful in monitoring those who take medications that affect clotting, such as warfarin
Prothrombin time
