Hematology Flashcards
What is Hematopoiesis
The production of RBC
What is the common cell that creates all blood cells
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
Why are anticoagulants needed
To prevent clotting
What is plasma
Whole blood minus the cells
What is serum
Whole blood minus the cells and clotting factors
List 2 of the most useful pieces of information that most automated hematology analyzer’s generate
WBC AND RBC COUNT
What is packed cell volume and why is it important
The % of whole blood that is composed of RBC. It can indicate anemia or dehydration
What is the most abundant WBC in dogs
Neutrophils
What is the most abundant WBC in ruminants
Lymphocytes
List 2 groups of cells that are evaluated for morphology
RBC and WBC
What are reticulocytes
Immature erythrocytes that contain ribosomes that are lost as the cells mature
Where are all blood cells made
Red bone marrow
As the water in the blood decreases, the packed cell volume and total plasma proteins __________
Increase
-penia
Decrease number of cells in the blood
-Philia or -cytosis
Increased number of cells in the blood
Increased number of immature neutrophils in the blood is referred to as
Left shift
Destruction of RBC is referred to as
Hemolysis
TRUE OR FALSE
Any samples of blood that are not tested within 1 hour must be refrigerated
True
TRUE OR FALSE
heparin can not alter WBC morphology
FALSE
It interferes with staining of WBC morphology
TRUE OR FALSE
EDTA does not alter cell morphology
TRUE
it is the preferred anticoagulant for hematologic studies
What order should blood be put into lab tubes by color
Blue
Red
Tiger top
Green or tan
Purple
Gray
Blue tops contain
Sodium nitrate
Red tops contain
No additives
Green or tan tops contain
Heparin
Purple tops contain
EDTA
Gray tops contain
Potassium oxalate or sodium fluoride
Blue tops are used for
Coagulation studies
Red tops are used for
Serum for blood chemistry
Green or tan tops are used for
Plasma for blood chemistry
Purple tops are used for
Hematology
Gray tops are used for
Coagulation testing
Neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and monocytosis due to increased cortisol levels
Stress leukogram
Hemolysis is
Breakdown of RBC
TRUE OR FALSE
The needle can be left on the syringe before transferring blood to a blood tube
False
The needle should be removed to prevent hemolysis
A manual blood count is preferred on what species
Avians
Increased number of circulating red blood cells is called
Polycythemia or erythrocytosis
Increased PCV and Hemoglobin concentrations can indicate what
Dehydration
What is icteric
Yellowing of mm and other parts of the body can indicate liver damage
High concentrations of emulsified fat in the blood
Lipemia
What type of analyzer ?
Classifies cells based on their sizes, give quantitative info about cell populations
Impedance
What type of analyzer ?
Provide estimated cell counts
Quantitative buffy coat
What type of analyzer ?
Count and classify cells based on their size and density
Laser based flow cytometer analyzers
The buffy coat consists of what
WBC and platelets
Serum that appears cloudy is described as
Lipemic
This could be because the patient was not fasted properly prior to blood collection
Normal PCV value for a canine is
37-55
The normal PCV value for a feline is
30-45
The normal PCV value for equine is
32-57
The normal PCV value in bovine is
24-42
What is hemoglobin
Iron and chains of amino acids
MCV=
Mean corpuscular volume
MCH=
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
MCHC=
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
What does MCV measure
The average size of the erythrocytes
What does MCH measure
Mean weigh of the hemoglobin
What are 3 reasons blood smears performed
- WBC count
- Estimate platelet numbers
- Evaluate morphological features of RBC and WBC
Canines and felines with neutrophils that have more than 5 lives present are considered _____ and thus usually attributes to aging of neutrophils
Hypersegmented
Common changes in neutrophils associated with inflammation, infection, and or drug toxicity
Toxic change
What is a smudge cell
Degenerated WBC that has ruptured
A degenerative change to the nucleus of a WBC characterized by dissolution of nuclear membrane; associated with septic exudates
Karyolysis
What is intracytoplasmic inclusion of a WBC
Inclusions in the WBC from infectious diseases
Fragmentation of the nucleus after cell death
Karyorrhexis
Condensing of the nucleus after the cell dies
Pyknosis
Results in bridging and clumping of RBC and will not disperse when saline is added to the slide. This occurs in immune mediated disorders
Autoagglutination or agglutination
Grouping of RBC in stacks that will disperse with the addition of saline, normal to see in healthy horses, pigs, and cats
Rouleaux
Variation in the size of RBC
Anisocytosis
Increased staining of RBC
Polychromasia
Also called spur cells; irregular spiculated RBC with a few unevenly distributed surface projections.
Acanthocyte
Also called burr cells; spicualted RBC with numerous short, evenly spaced blunt to sharp surface projections of uniform size and shape.
Echinocytes
Echinocytes are typically seen in
Snake bites in dogs, drying of blood smears or little blood mixed with EDTA
Acanthocytes can be seen in
Patient with altered lipid metabolism or cancer
Basophilic nuclear ruminants that are seen in young RBC during response to anemia (RBC will have prominent dots in it)
Howell jolly bodies
WBC that is a helper cell and produces antibodies
Lymphocytes
Rare WBC seen in antihistamine response
Basophils
WBC that mainly kills parasites and fungi
Eosinophils
Clean of crew of WBCs
Monocytes
Phagocytic WBC
Neutrophils
Round structures present that represent denatured hemoglobin and that are caused by certain oxidant drugs or chemicals (Lead poisoning)
Heinz body
