Cytology Flashcards
What is cytology ?
The study of cells shed from the body
What is a hallmark cytological characteristic of neoplastic specimens ?
Homogenous population of cells
What are fluids with increased cellularity and preprint concentration called ?
Exudate
What are reactive Lymph nodes ?
Lymph nodes responding to antigenic population
What category of sample collection is presented by a tzanck preparation
Imprint
The fine needle aspiration of soft masses is best performed with the use of what size needle and syringe
21-25 G needle and a 10ml syringe
Pracentesis refers to the collection of fluid from
The abdomen
What is most often used to moisten swabs in order to minimize cell damage when collecting swab samples?
Saline
What is the most commonly used fixative for tissue samples collected for histopathologic examination
Formalin
Cytsocentesis refers to the collection of fluid from
The bladder
When is a swab collection technique used and what is it typically used for
When other techniques cannot be used
Typically used for vaginal swabs and fistulous tracts
When is the scraping collection technique used and what is it typically used for
Used in the Collection of external lesions and tissues from sx or necropsy
Used for only superficial samples
What are the benefits of the scraping technique
Collects many cells
When is the imprint collection technique used and what is it used for
External lesions only
What are disadvantages of imprints
Contain more contamination and collect fewer cells than scraping
What are the benefits of fine needle biopsy
Avoided superficial contamination
What are the disadvantages of fine needle biopsy
Fewer cells collected
What are the differences between a aspiration and nonaspiration when using the fine needle biopsy technique
Describe a wedge biopsy
Obtained with scalpel
Used for large lesion/areas
Takes all tissue (abnormal and normal)
Describe a punch biopsy
Quick and easy
Small area taken
Biopsy punch is used
Describe the preparation and collection of abdomenocentesis
Lateral recumbency or standing
Area is aseptically prepared
Needle is inserted ventral abd and R of midline
21G needle
60ml syringe
Possibly an EDTA tube for some fluid
Describe the preparation and collection doing an thoracocentesis
standing
Area is aseptically prepared
Needle is inserted in the seventh or eight intercostal space, cranial aspect of the rib
21G needle
60ml syringe
Possibly an EDTA tube for some fluid
What is a transtracheal wash
Cytolic evaluation of sample obtained from the trachea
Describe how to prep for a percutaneous transtracheal wash
-light sedation
-18-20G jug catheter ( through the needle)
-hair must be clipped and aseptically prepared
What is the primary purpose of cytology
Differentiate between neoplasia and inflammation
What term describes a cytology sample that contains more than 85% neutrophils
Suppurative
What term describes a cytology sample that contains more than 15% macrophages
Granulomatous
What term refers to a nucleus that appears small condensed and dark ?
Pyknosis
The presence of more than 10% of eosinophils in addition to increased numbers of neutrophils indicates ______________which can normally be found with ____________
Eosinophilic inflammation, parasitic infections or neoplastic disorders
What term refers to rapid cell death
Karyolysis
What term refers to a fragmented nucleus
Karyorrhexis
Inflammatory cells that contain phagocytized microorganisms are referred to as
Septic
Samples from neoplastic lesions are characterized by
A homogenous population of cells of the same tissue origin
Cells that display atleast ____ abnormal nuclear configurations are identified as malignant
3
List the nuclear criteria for malignancy
- anisokaryosis
- pleomorphism
-high or variable nucleus to cytoplasm ratio - increased mitotic activity
-coarse chromatin pattern
-nuclear molding
-multi-nucleation
-nuclei that vary in size, shape, and and number
What is nuclear Molding
A deformation of nuclei by other nuclei within the same cells or adjacent cells
What is pleomorphism
Variability in the size and shape of the same cell type
What is anisokaryosis
Any unusual variation in the overall size of the cell nucleus
Outline the general procedure for the evaluation of cytology samples
-evaluated in a systematic manner
- any morphological abnormalities are noted and quantified
-note the cells types present
-initial evaluation should be at low Magnification (100x) then (400x-450x) to evaluate and compare individual cells
-oil immersion must be used
A cytology report should have what criteria
Cell types
Their appearance
And their relative proportions
Epithelial cell tumors are also referred to as
Carcinoma, or adenocarcinoma
What are some characteristics of epithelial cell tumors
Large cell size
Round to caudate in shape
High cellularity
Clumps an clusters are common
Mesenchymal cell tumors are also referred to as
Sarcoma
What are some characteristics of mesenchymal cell tumors
Small to medium in size
Spindle to Stellate in shape
Low cellularity
Clusters and clumps are not common
What are some characteristics of a discrete round cell tumor
Small to medium in size
Round in shape
High cellularity
Clumps and clusters are not common
What term describes round cells that are usually slightly larger than lymphoblasts and that have distinctive purple staining granules
Mast cells
Which cell has prominent dark black granules
Melanoma
What term describes fluid that appears milky and results from the presence of emulsified fats
Chylous
Peritoneal and pleural fluids are characterized as normal if they have fewer than how many nucleated cells
10,000 uL
Which cells that line body cavities may become reactive and be shed when abnormal fluids accumulate in cavities
Mesothelial cells
Which term describes a type a fluid with low cellularity, low tp, and a mixture of monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes
Transudate
Which term describes a plasma cell that contains secretory vesicles of immunoglobulin
Mott cell
Which cell type is predominant during anestrus
Noncornified squamous epithelial cells
Which cell type is predominant during estrus.
Cornified squamous epithelial cells
What is a potential cause of chronic skin lesions and ear infections that may be seen in swabs taken from normal animals
Malassezia
Which cell type predominates in normal lymph nodes
Small, mature lymphocytes
What is erythrophagia
Phagocytes ingesting RBCs
Fluids characterized with increased cellularity and protein concentration as a result to inflammation are called
Exudates
Fluids that typically have low protein concentrations and low TNCC with a fairly normal differential count or may be increased
Transudates
Transudates are frequently secondary to
CHF or low albumin concentrations
Fluids that are characterized with low to moderate TNCC, predominantly as a result of leakage of lymphatics (high tp concentration)
Modified Transudates
Lymph nodes that are responding to antigenic stimulation also contain predominantly small immature lymphocytes are referred to as
Reactive lymph nodes
Normal CSF contains
No erythrocytes and less than 25 nucleated cells per microliter
In a normal lymph node the predominate cell
Type is
Small mature lymphocytes
What is the color of normal synovial fluid
Straw yellow
Why is a vaginal cytology performed
To determine the stage of estrus cycle
All laboratory equipment used for semen collection and examination should be cleaned and warmed to approximately
37 degrees Celsius or 98.6F
Describe benign neoplasia
Hyperplasia with no criteria of malignancy present in the nucleus of the cells
A vaginal exam reveals basal and parabasal cells along with RBCs. What stage of the estrous cycle is she in
Proestrus
What type of inflammation?
Neutrophils and >10% macrophages
Pyogranulomatous
What type of inflammation?
> 85% neutrophils
Suppurative
Describe an epithelial tumor
Large round cells with high cellularity and clumped together
Describe a mesenchymal tumor
Small to medium cells with low cellularity and no clumps
Describe a discrete round tumor
Small ti medium round cells with high cellularity and no clumps
