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N232 - FINAL EXAM > HEMATOLOGY > Flashcards

HEMATOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

a complete blood count that is routinely ordered by the HCP

A

Hemogram Blood Test

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2
Q

a test that measures the cells that make up blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin,
hematocrit and platelets

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

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3
Q

Normal range of RBCs For FEMALES

A

4.2 – 5.4 million/ul

Hint- 4+2=6 and 5+4=9—69 haaaay

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4
Q

Normal range of RBCs For MALES

A

4.7 – 6.1 million/ul

Hint 4+7=11 and 6+1=7—–7/11 haaaaay

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5
Q

Decreased levels of RBCS,H+H could indicate possible _____ or _____.

A

*Anemia or Hemorrhage

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6
Q

Increased levels of RBCS, H+h indicate possible _____ or ______.

A

*Chronic Hypoxia or Polycythemia

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7
Q

Normal Hemoglobin for females?

A

*12-16

Think of oxygen and the normal range for RR

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8
Q

Normal hemoglobin for males?

A

*14-18

Think of oxygen and the normal range for RR

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9
Q

Normal Hematocrit for females?

A

*37-47%

Think midlife crisis/Hematocrisis, which is around this age range

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10
Q

Normal Hematocrit for males?

A

*42-52%

Think midlife crisis/Hematocrisis, which is around this age range

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11
Q

Normal range for MCV – Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) measures what and is useful for what?

A
  • 80-95 fL
  • Size of RBCs
  • Useful for classifying Anemias
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12
Q

Microcytic means RBCS are _____. What will the MCV look like? What two things could this signify?

A
  • RBCs are small
  • MCV will be decreased
  • IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA and SICKLE CELL DISEASE
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13
Q

Macrocytic means RBCs are _____. What will the MCV look like? What three things could this signify?

A
  • RBCs are enlarged
  • MCV will be increased
  • Folate deficiency, B-12 deficiency, Pernicious anemia
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14
Q

Blood test to see how much iron is in the blood

A

Total Iron Binding capacity (TIBC)

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15
Q

Normal TIBC range? What does it mean when its increased/decreased.

A
  • 240-450
  • When increased - Iron stores are DIMINISHED
  • When decerased - iron stores are INCREASED
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16
Q

____ is a blood protein that contains iron. Shows how much iron the body is storing.

A

Ferritin – (low signifies iron deficiency

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17
Q

White blood cells (WBC) or ______, normal range? What is considered high and what will this be seen in?

A
  • Leukocytes
  • 4,000-11,000
  • 20,000 to 100,000 - leukemia
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18
Q

Normal MCHC or mean corpuscular Hemoglobin concentration? What does this measure?

A
  • 32-36

* Measures % of HgB in single RBC

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19
Q

Normal Platelet/Thrombocyte range?

A

Thrombocyte (platelets) -150,000 – 450,000 mcL

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20
Q

Hemoglobin that warrants transfusion?

A

7

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21
Q

Someone With Iron Deficiency Anemia would have Low____ and Elevated ______

A

*Low Iron and Elevated TIBC

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22
Q

Most common Anemia, occurring in 1 in 8 people is _____. In developing countries What two things cause this? In the US? common in ___ and ___.

A
  • Iron Deficiency Anemia
  • Vegetarian diet and Hook worm
  • Gastric issues - ulcers, bleeding et.
  • Pregnant and Menstruating women
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23
Q

4 Symptoms of severe or prolonged iron deficiency anemia?

A
  • Smooth red tongue
  • Brittle and riggid nails
  • angular cheilosis
  • Fatigue/exercise intolerance
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24
Q

For best absorption of Iron pair with a source of _____ . Two examples?

A
  • Vitamin C

* Strawberries and Tomatoes

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25
Oral Iron is absorbed in the _____. What can happen because of this?
* Small intestine | * GI irritation
26
What food/drinks will cause iron to not be absorbed if taken with it? (4 options)
*Eggs, Milk, Coffee, Tea
27
Iron must be given two hours apart from which 5 medications?
* Antacids * Tetracyclines * Ofloxicin * Cimetidine * Ciprofloxacin *ATOCC*
28
IDA will show a Serum ferritin values are less than ___. What is the normal value?
*10 ng/ml | normal value 12ng/mL – 300ng/mL
29
Results in failure to activate the enzyme that moves folic acid into precursor RBC cells so that cell division and growth into functional RBCs can occur.
*Vitamin B-12 Deficiency (Not consuming enough B-12)
30
5 Risk factors for Vitamin B-12 Deficiency?
* Family History * Stomach issues (removal, chrons) * Vegetarian diet * Older * Medications (Metformin, PPIs, H2 blockers)
31
5 risk factors for folic acid deficiency
* DIET-lacking green leafy vegetables, fresh fruits, fortified cereals etc.. * ALCHOL * Diseases of lower digestive track (Celiac, chrons, cancer) * Medications - seizure meds * Pregnancy
32
4 routes of administration of Folic Acid, which one is used for malabsorption?
* PO,SC,IM,IV | * IM for malabsorption
33
Damage to bone marrow – body stops producing RBCs..What kind of anemia is this? What does this lead to? What two things are these clients prone to?
* Aplastic Anemia * Pancytopenia * INFECTION and uncontrolled bleeding
34
______can be done to detect pancytopenia which is a when what is low?
* Bone Marrow Biopsy | * Low RBC, WBC, and platelets
35
3 treatments for Aplastic Anemia?
* Transfusions of *PRBC and PLATELETS * Stem Cell Transplant * Medications
36
3 medications used to treat aplastic anemia
*early antibiotics for infections *Corticosteroids *Bone Marrow (Colony Stimulating factors Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents)
37
An inherited red blood cell disorder with abnormal HGB
Sick Cell Disease
38
Sick Cell Disease has a _____ pattern of inheritance., If both parents have the trai the child has a _____ chance of inheriting the disease
* Autosomal recessive | * 1 in 4 chance
39
Sickled Cells are _____ and _____ causing them to clump together. The clumped masses _____ ______ leading to what kind of event?
* Sticky and fragile * Clog Blood vessels * VOE or vaso occlusive event.
40
One of the main manifistations of Sickle cell Crisis?
PAIN
41
Factors that increase Sickling? * Blood oxygen related? * Fluids? * Immunity? * Blood flow? * Reproductive? * Diet? * Environtmental (2 things)
* Hypoxia * Dehydration * Infection * Venous Stasis * Pregnancy * Alcohol * High altitudes, Low/High temps (body or environmental..
42
``` Clinical manifestations of sickle cell by system. *pain? Resp *CV? *Skin? (3 things) *GI *GU *Reproductive *Musculoskeletal *CNS (3 things) ```
* Severe Pain * acute chest syndrome * heart failure symptoms * Pallor, Jaundice, Cyanosis * Damage to Spleen and liver * Kidney/urinary changes * Priapism * Joint swelling/pain * Low grade fever/seizures/manifestations of stroke
43
Treatment for Sickle Cell CRISIS
* HOP * HYDRATION (Hypotonic)/E-lytes/Blood transfusion * O2/Bedrest to decrease O2 demand * PAIN RELIEF
44
5 Medications used in treatment for SICKLE CELL
* Fever reducers * Pain relievers/oral analgesics * Oral Antibiotics * Hydroxyurea (watch for infection) * Folic Acid
45
Prevention of Sickle Cell Complications - FARMS
* Fluid,Fever, Food (hydrate, report to doc if fever, , Balanced meals) * Air - Avoid situations with decreased O2 (airplanes, High altitudes)/ * Rest * Medication - adherence * Situations- avoid smoking/alcohol, Getting too hot or too cold, infection.
46
what kind of activity should be avoided with sickle cell?
Contact sports
47
Cancer with uncontrolled production of immature white blood cells (WBCs). What are these WBCs unable to do?
* Leukemia | * unable to provide protection from infection
48
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) _______ to produce immature white blood cells (called _______). very high or low ________, and______red blood cells and platelets.
MOST COMMON * Bone marrow * myelobasts * High/low WBC count * Low RBC and platelets
49
second most common type of leukemia in adults. Bone marrow makes too many mature lymphocytes. What type is this?
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
50
a slowly progressing disease in which too many mature white blood cells are made in the bone marrow.
Chonic myelogenous leukemia
51
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) _____ makes too many immature _____. White blood cells can be ____ and oftentimes the platelets and red blood cells are ____. More common in _____
* Bone Marrow * Lymphocytes * Low/High WBC * Low RBC/Platelets * More common in children
52
What are some of the 1st signs of Leukemia?
* ANEMIA | - Pallor, Low grade Fever and lethargy
53
the________is responsible not only for all nonlymphoid white blood cells, but also for the production of red blood cells and platelets.
myeloid stem cell
54
petechiae and bleeding from mucus membranes is a sign of what in leukemia
Thrombocytopenia
55
In Leukemia what two parts of GI system become enlarged and what 3 things does this lead to?
* Spleen and LIver * N/V * ABD pain * Anorexia
56
In lukemia _____ invade the bone leading to bone and joint pain..this can lead to?
* Lymphocytes | * Leukopenia
57
what 3 labs may be low in Leukemia and why?
* H+H * Platelets * Fibrinogen/clotting factors *overcrowding of bone marrow of nonfunctional cells, reducing production of normal blood cells.
58
Symptoms of leukemia using ANT acronym and risks.
A-Anemia - reduced hemoglobin (Fatigue) N-Neutropenia - reduced neutrophils increase risk of infection T-Thrombocytopenia- reduced platelets increase risk of bleeding.
59
Definitive test for leukemia? Where is this done? What are three other diagnostic tests that can be done?
* Bone marrow biopsy/Aspiration of illiac crest | * Xray of long bones, Lumbar puncture, CBC
60
A beefy, red, sore tongue is a characteristic indicator of _____anemia. What are two kinds?
* Macrocytic | * B12 and Folate
61
Hodgkin's disease usually presents as ______enlarged lymph nodes. The diagnosis is made by _____.
* PAINLESS | * Lymphnode biopsy
62
Staging I – Limited to _______ II – ___ or more lymph nodes on the ______ of diaphragm III – Found on _______he diaphragm IV – Found in________in addition to the lymph nodes
* Stage 1 - Single node * Stage 2- 2 or more nodes on SAME side as diaphragm * Stage 3 - found on both sides of diaphragm * Stage 4 - Found in one or more organs in addition to lymph nodes
63
How is hodgkins classified Vs Non- Hodgkins? Which one is more contagious? Which one is more survivable
* Reed-Sternberg Cells are found with Hodgkins * Hodgkins is more contagious * Both are survivable but Hodgkins has a higher survival rate.
64
How are the both Hodgkins/Non-Hodgkins treated?
* Outpatient care- except for complications | * Chemotheraputics/radiation
65
What are two complications that will require hospitalization for Hodgkins?
* Infection | * Respiratory compromise

N232 - FINAL EXAM (4 decks)

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