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2nd block > Hematology 1 > Flashcards

Hematology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe blood as a connective tissue

A

Specialized Connective Tissue that is composed of a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma in which various cells and cell fragments are suspended.

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2
Q

What is the volume of blood in males and females?

A

5-6 liters in males

4-5 liters in males

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3
Q

How much of a person’s body weight does blood comprise of?

A

8%

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4
Q

What is the pH of blood

A

pH 7.4 (7.35-7.45)

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5
Q

What is the temperature of blood?

A

-100.4 degrees F or 38 degrees Celsius

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6
Q

Compare blood and water thickness

A

Blood is thicker ( more viscous) than water and flows more slowly

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7
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  1. Homeostasis
  2. Transportation(oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, heat, hormones)
  3. Regulation( regulates pH, regulates body temperature, helps regulate water content of cells by interactions with dissolves ions and proteins)
  4. Protection- contains immune cells and agents that protects against disease
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8
Q

Describe some techniques of blood sampling

A
  1. Venipuncture- sample taken from vein with hypodermic needle and syringe
  2. Finger or heel stick- common technique for diabetics to monitor daily blood sugar
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9
Q

What are some advantages to venipuncture?

A
  • less pressure(as compared to arteries)

- Closer to the surface (easy access)

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10
Q

What method of blood sampling is used on infants?

A

Finger or heel stick

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11
Q

Describe blood film preparation

A

Drop of blood placed on a glass side and spread over its surface with the edge of another slide

Blood is stained with Wright’s stain( eosin and methylene)

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12
Q

Describe the components of the blood

A

55% plasma

45% formed elements
99% red blood cells
Less than 1% white blood cells and platelets

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13
Q

How much of the blood plasma is water?

A

Over 90%

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14
Q

How much of the blood plasma is comprised of plasma proteins?

A

7%

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15
Q

Where are plasma proteins made?

A

In the liver

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16
Q

What are the plasma proteins?

A

Albumin, globulins and fibrinogen

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17
Q

What are the functions of the albumins?

A
  • Maintain blood colloid osmotic pressure

- transport protein for steroid hormones

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18
Q

This type of blood plasma protein makes up majority of plasma proteins

A

Albumin

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19
Q

What is the function of globulins(immunoglobulins)

A

Antibodies bind to foreign substances called antigens

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20
Q

What is the purpose of fibrinogen?

A

Clotting

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21
Q

What comprises the remaining 2%-3% of blood plasma aside from water and plasma proteins

A

Electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, waste products

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of blood cells/ leukocytes?

A

Granular leukocytes

Agranular leukocytes

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23
Q

Give some examples of granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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24
Q

Give some examples of agranular leukocytes

A

T cells, B cells and natural killer cells

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25
Q

Give an example of platelets(specialized cell fragments)

A

Thrombocytes

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26
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

The process by which blood cells are made

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27
Q

What are subprocesses that are included in hematopoiesis?

A

Erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis and thrombopoiesis

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28
Q

What is the contribution of red bone marrow in hematopoiesis?

A

Formation of T lymphocytes

Formation AND maturation of: (BET GM)

Erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, thrombocytes and B lymphocytes

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29
Q

Where do T lymphocytes form and mature?

A

They form in the red bone marrow and mature in the thymus

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30
Q

In disease states where bone marrow becomes nonfunctional, ____________ and ____________ can produce blood cells

A

Spleen

Liver

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31
Q

What are the phases of hemopoietic organs?

A
  1. Yolk sac phase
  2. Hepatic phase
  3. Bone marrow phase
  4. After birth
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32
Q

Describe the yolk sac phase

A

Formation of blood islands in the 3rd week of gestation (lasts 3 - 8 week)

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33
Q

Describe the hepatic phase

A

Main hemopoieitic organ is the liver in the second trimester

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34
Q

Describe the bone marrow phase

A

Begins during second trimester and also includes other lymphatic tissues such as spleen

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35
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place after birth?

A

Only in the red bone marrow of certain bones such as:

Axial skeleton- vertebrae, sternum, pelvis, ribs

Long bones: epiphyses of the femur and humerus

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36
Q

What is the function of hematopoietic factors?

A

Regulate differentiation and proliferation

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37
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced?

A

Produced in the kidneys and increases red blood cell precursor

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38
Q

Where is the thrombopoietin made and what is its function?

A

Made in the liver

Function: stimulates platelet formation

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39
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Regulatory proteins of the bone marrow

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40
Q

What stimulates white blood cell production?

A

Colony stimulating factor (CSF) and interlukin

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41
Q

Where are cytokines produced and what for?

A

Produced by some marrow cells to stimulate proliferation in other marrow cells

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42
Q

A patient has end-stage kidney disease and led to diminishing red blood cell production. What can be used to treat them?

A

Erythropoietin(Epoetinalfa)

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43
Q

White blood cell formation needs to be stimulated during chemotherapy. How can this be done.

A

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (CSF)

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44
Q

Cancer patients may suffer depletion of platelets which are needed to help blood clot. What can be given to prevent depletion?

A

Thrombopoietin

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45
Q

What is the lifespan of erythrocytes?

A

120 days

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46
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of an erythrocyte

A

-biconcave disc that 7-8 microns in diameter.

Has no nucleus or other organelles

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47
Q

How do the physical characteristics of a red blood cell benefit its purpose?

A

Increased surface area/volume ratio

Flexible shape for narrow passages

48
Q

What is the normal blood cell count for males and females?

A

Male- 5.4 million/drop

Female- 4.8 million/drop

49
Q

What gives the blood it’s red color.

A

Hemoglobin

50
Q

Describe the hemoglobin protein

A

Four globular proteins each with an iron hememolecule at the center

51
Q

How much oxygen is contained in a hemoglobin molecule?

A

4 oxygen molecules

52
Q

What are the functions of the hemoglobin?

A
  • Carries oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide away from cells to lungs
  • regulates blood flow and pressure by binding to and releasing nitric oxide
53
Q

What is the result of nitric oxide as a result of being released by endothelial cells?

A

Vasodilation

54
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur?

A

Occurs in red bone marrow in certain bones

55
Q

What is the MAIN stimulus for erythropoiesis?

A

Hypoxia

56
Q

Describe the process of erythropoiesis

A
  • Stimulated by hypoxia, (deprived oxygen at a tissue level)
  • proerythroblasts start to produce hemoglobin
  • nucleus is extruded and a reticulocyte is formed
  • reticulocytes escape from the bone marrow to blood
  • in 1-2 days, they eject the remaining organelles to become mature RBC
57
Q

What is rate of erythropoiesis measured by?

A

Reticulocyte count

58
Q

What is a hematocrit?

A

The percentage total amount of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

59
Q

What is the normal female hematocrit range?

A

38%-46%(average 42%)

60
Q

What is the normal male hematocrit range?

A

40%-54% (average 46%)

61
Q

Why is the average male hematocrit 46% while female is 42%?

A

Male hematocrit is influenced by testosterone

62
Q

What is anemia?

A

Not enough red blood cells or not enough anemia

63
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Too many red blood cells(over 65%)

64
Q

A patient is an athlete who is blood doping, experiencing dehydration and tissue hypoxia. What disease is this person at risk of contracting?

A

Polycythemia

65
Q

What are possible causes of polycythemia?

A

Dehydration

Tissue hypoxia

Blood doping in athletes

66
Q

What differentiates granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes

A

Granular leukocytes contain specific granules while agranular leukocytes do not include specific granules

67
Q

Describe major histocompatibility proteins MHC

A

Surface proteins on leukocytes that unique for each person (except for identical siblings) and can be used to identify a tissue

68
Q

What type of leukocyte is a neutrophil?

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

69
Q

Describe the physical traits of neutrophils

A

2 to 5 lobes connected by thin stands

Diameter is 10-12 microns

70
Q

How much of circulating white bloood cells consist of neutrophils?

A

60%-70%

71
Q

Compare older and younger neutrophils

A

Older usually have more lobes

Younger( called band cells, because of the horse shoe shaped nucleus, band)

72
Q

What are the functions of neutrophils?

A

Fastest response of allWBC to bacteria

Phagocytosis- engulfs bacteria

Once engulfed, targeted actions against bacteria
1. Lysosomes: destroys and digests bacteria

  1. Defensin proteins: puncture bacterial cell walls leading to death
  2. Strong oxidants: bleach-like chemicals that aid in bacterial death
73
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of eosinphils(granulocytes)

A

Bilobed nucleus connected by a thin strand

Granules do not obscure the nucleus

10-12 microns

74
Q

How much of the circulating white blood cells are made up of eosinphils?

A

2%-4%

75
Q

How can eosinphils granules by identified?

A

Large-uniform granules stain orange-red in acidic dye

76
Q

What are the functions of eosinphils?

A

Attack parasites

Phagocytize antibody-antigen complexes

Leave capillaries to enter tissue fluid during inflammation

Releases histaminase
-produces histaminase which slows down inflammation caused by basophils in allergic reactions

77
Q

How can basophils granules be identified?

A

Large, variable-sized specific granules stainbdark blue-purple with basic dyes

78
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of basophils

A

Irregular, s-shaped, bilobed nuclei

Diameter is 8 to 10 microns

79
Q

How much of the circulating white blood cells consist of basophils?

A

Less than 1%

80
Q

What are the functions of basophils(granulocytes)?

A

Involved in allergic reactions

Leave capillaries and enter connective tissue

Release heparin, histamine and serotonin
Heighten the inflammatory response and account for hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction

81
Q

What are the 2 types of granulocytes?

A
  1. Monocytes

2. Lymphocytes

82
Q

What is unique about the granules of agranular leukocytes?

A

Leukocytes contain on,y non-specific granules which are not visible under light microscope

83
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of leukocytes(agranulocytosis)

A

Dark,oval to round nucleus

Cytoplasm sky blue in color

Small cells- 6-9 microns in diameter

Large cells- 10-14 microns in diameter

84
Q

What happens to the number of lymphocytes when the person contracts a viral infection?

A

Lymphocytes increase in number

85
Q

Lymphocytes account for _________% to _____% of circulating white blood cells

A

20

25

86
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

Differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies which destroys bacteria and their toxins

87
Q

What is the function of T cells?

A

Attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells and some bacteria

88
Q

What is the function of natural killer cells?

A

Attack many different microbes and some tumor cells

Destroys foreign invaders by attack

89
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of Monocytes

A

Nucleus is kidney-horse shoe shaped.

Largest white blood cell in circulation

12-20 microns in diameter

Cytoplasm is foamy blue-gray

90
Q

What happens monocytes migrate to tissues?

A

Differentiates into macrophages

91
Q

What are fixed macrophages and where are they found?

A

Found in specific tissues, e.g. alveolar macrophages in lungs

macrophages in

Kupfer cells in liver

92
Q

What are wandering macrophages?

A

Macrophages that roam in tissues and gathers at sites of infection

93
Q

How much of the circulating WBC consist of monocytes?

A

3%-8%

94
Q

What are the functions of monocytes?

A

Takes longer to get to site of infection but arrives in larger numbers

Differentiate into wandering macrophages

Once differentiated they destroy microbes and clean up dead tissue following an infection by phagocytosis

95
Q

Explain the emigration of WBC

A

WBC roll along endothelium, stick to it and squeeze between cells

Adhesion molecules on cell surface(selections) helps WBC stick to endothelium

Molecules(integrins) found on neutrophils assist in movement through wall

96
Q

How are neutrophils and macrophages attracted to injury site and toxins to perform phagocytosis?

A

O kinins attract neutrophils and macrophages via chemotaxis

97
Q

A person who has a decrease of WBC has ________

A

Leukopenia

98
Q

A person who has an increase in WBC has ____________

A

Leukocytosis

99
Q

An increase in neutrophils indicates …..

A

A bacterial infection

100
Q

An increase in lymphocytes indicates a _____________

A

Viral/chronic infection

101
Q

An increase in monocytes indicates _______

A

Fungal/viral infection

102
Q

An increase in eosinphils indicates __________

A

Parasite or allergic reaction

103
Q

An increase in basophils indicates an__________

A

Allergic reaction or hypothyroidism

104
Q

What white blood cells are expected to increase in an allergic reaction?

A

Eosinphils and basophils

105
Q

What white blood cells are expected to increase in a viral infection?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

106
Q

A bacterial infection causes an increase in….

A

Neutrophils

107
Q

A parasite infects your body, what white blood cell count is expected to increase?

A

Eosinphils

108
Q

Describe platelet formation

A

Megakaryoblasts in the bone marrow differentiate into megakaryocytes(which are large multinucleated cells)

Cytoplasmic fragments are pinched off and released into the blood stream

Each fragment is enclosed by a piece of cell membrane, forming a platelet(thrombocytes)

109
Q

What is the diameter of a platelet/thrombocytes?

A

2-4 microns

110
Q

What is the lifespan of a platelet?

A

5-9 days

111
Q

How much platelets are in normal blood?

A

250,000 to 400,000 platelets/mm cube

112
Q

How are aged and dead platelets removed?

A

Removed by fixed macrophages in the liver or spleen

113
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A
  1. Blood clot formation(hemostasis)
  2. Repair of injured tissues

Platelets store a lot of chemicals in granules needed for platelet plug formation

114
Q

Give 2 reasons for a complete blood count?

A

Screening test for anemia and infections

115
Q

Differentiate which WBCs would increase in chronic and acute bacterial infection

A

Chronic infection-lymphocytes

Acute infection- neutrophil

2nd block (6 decks)

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