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2nd block > Endocrine System 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 2 types of glands in the body

A
  1. Exocrine glands

2. Endocrine glands

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2
Q

Differentiate between exocrine glands and endocrine glands

A

Exocrine- secretes substances through ducts into body cavities , lumen of organs or body surface

Endocrine glands- ductless glands that secrete products into interstitial fluid, diffuses into blood

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3
Q

Give some examples of exocrine glands

A

Salivary and digestive glands, sweat pores

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4
Q

Give some examples of endocrine glands

A

Placenta, kidney, heart, liver, thyroid and adrenal, pituitary and pineal glands

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5
Q

How does the nervous system play a role in the function in the endocrine system?

A

Nerve impulses cause the release of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters excite or inhibit nerve, muscle and gland cells

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6
Q

What is the down-regulation of hormones?

A

Excess hormone leads to a decrease in number of receptors; receptors undergo endocytosis and are degraded

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7
Q

What is up-regulation of hormone receptors?

A

Deficiency of hormone leads to an increase in receptors, target tissue becomes more sensitive to the hormone

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8
Q

What are the 2 chemical classes of hormones?

A

Lipid soluble hormones

Water soluble hormones

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9
Q

List 3 lipid soluble hormones

A

Steroids, thyroid hormones and nitric oxide

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10
Q

List 4 water soluble hormones

A

Amines

Peptide

protein hormones

Eicosanoids

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of eicosanoids?

A

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes

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12
Q

How are lipid soluble hormones transported?

A

Must attach to transport proteins synthesized by the liver

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13
Q

How do lipid soluble affect hormone loss in kidneys?

A

Slow loss of hormone by filtration

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14
Q

Describe the action of lipid soluble hormones

A
  • Hormone diffuses through phospholipid bilayer into cell
  • receptor-hormone complex activates/inhibits specific genes
  • New mRNA is formed and allows for synthesis of new proteins
  • new protein changes cell activity
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15
Q

Describe the action of water soluble hormones

A
  • Hormones binds (first messsanger) to receptors in the plasma membrane of target cell
  • Adenylate Cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP(second messenger) which activates protein kinases
  • These protein kinases phosphorylation enzymes which catalyze reactions that produce the physiological response
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16
Q

How are protein hormones administered and why?

A

By injection, the digestive enzymes destroy them by breaking their peptide bonds

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17
Q

How are steroid and thyroid hormones administered and why?

A

Orally because they do no split by digestion and easily cross the intestinal lining because they are lipid soluble

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18
Q

Name 3 hormonal interactions

A

Permissive effect

Synergistic effect

Antagonist effect

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19
Q

Describe the permissive effect- hormonal interaction

A

A second hormone strengthens the weak effects of the first hormone

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20
Q

Describe the synergistic effect- hormonal interaction

A

The effect of 2 hormones acting together is greater than the effect of each hormone acting alone

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21
Q

Describe the antagonistic effect- hormonal interactions

A

2 hormones with opposite effects

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22
Q

Give an example of the permissible effect- hormonal interaction

A

Thyroid hormone strengthens epinephrine effect on lipolysis

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23
Q

Give an example of the synergistic effect

A

Before ovulation, estrogen has a positive feedback on the release of FSH and LH

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24
Q

Give 4 major examples of hormonal control

A

Regulated signals(nervous, chemical/blood, other hormones)

Negative feedback

Positive feedback

Hypo-secretion and hyper-secretion

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25
Q

What are the general functions of hormones?

A
  • control growth and development

Regulate reproductive system

Help regulate: 
Extracellular fluid
Metabolism
Biological clock
Contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle
Glandular secretion
Some immune functions
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26
Q

What do hormones affect while traveling in the blood?

A

Target cells with specific protein or glycoprotein receptors to which the hormones bind?

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27
Q

What is the pharmaceutical application of creating synthetic hormones to block receptors for particularly naturally occurring hormones?

A

-these synthetic hormones that block natural hormones are available as drugs

RU486(Mifepristone) is used to induce abortion which binds to its receptors for progesterone and prevents progesterone from exerting it’s normal effect

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28
Q

Hormones can be local or circulating(endocrine) Specify what is meant by local

A

Local hormones are produced by nerve or gland cells and bind to either neighboring cells or same type of cell that produced them

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29
Q

What are examples of local hormones?

A

Auto cringe and paracrine

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30
Q

What is autocrine regulation?

A

Mode of hormone action to which hormones bind to receptors on the very cell that produced it

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31
Q

What is paracrine regulation?

A

Form of cell to cell communication, hormones affect nearby cells

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32
Q

Are local hormones using the exocrine or endocrine cell signaling method?

A

Exocrine, as endocrine uses circulatory means

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33
Q

Describe the lipid soluble hormone class- steroids

A

-lipid soluble derived from cholesterol

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34
Q

Describe the lipid-soluble hormone class- thyroid hormone

A

Tyrosine ring plus attached iodine’s are lipid soluble ( T3, T4)

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35
Q

Describe the lipid soluble hormone, nitric oxide

A

A gas, both a hormone and a neurotransmitter

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36
Q

Describe the water soluble hormone- Amines

A

They are comprised of ccatecholamines- epinephrine and nonepinephrine

As well as melatonin, Seratonine, histamine

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37
Q

Describe the water soluble hormone- peptide and protein hormones

A

Modified amino acids or amino acids put together.

Examples: FSH, LH, TSH,hGH, insulin, glucagon, parathyroid hormone, oxytocin

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38
Q

Describe the water soluble hormone- eicosanoids

A

Derived from arachadonic acid (20 carbon fatty acid)

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39
Q

How does water soluble hormones circulate in blood?

A

Circulates in free form

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40
Q

How are lipid soluble hormones transported in blood?

A

Must be attached to transport proteins synthesized by the liver

41
Q

How is hormone lost while being transported in the blood?

A

Slow loss of hormone by filtration within kidney

42
Q

How much hormones travel by free fraction?

A

0.1%-10%

43
Q

Contrast how liver and adipocytes respond to insulin

A

Liver cells- insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis

Adipocytes- insulin stimulates triglyceride synthesis

44
Q

Describe the action of water-soluble hormones

A

Binding of hormone(first hormone) to receptors embedded in the plasma membranes of target cells .

This activates G-proteins which turns on adenylate cyclase

Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP(second messenger) which activates protein kinases

Protein kinases phosphorylate enzymes which catalyze reactions that produce the physiological response

45
Q

Give some examples by which the endocrine is controlled

A

Nervous system, chemical changes in the blood, other hormones, both positive and negative feedback and disorders in hypo-secretion and hyper-secretion

46
Q

Describe the role of the hypothalamus

A

It is the interface between the endocrine, autonomic and limbus systems.

It controls the pituitary gland with nine different releasing and inhibiting hormones

47
Q

Name the functions of the pituitary gland/hypophysis

A

Secretes hormones that regulate other endocrine hormones

48
Q

What regulates the pituitary gland?

A

Stimulated and inhibited by hypothalamus and feedback mechanisms from target organs

49
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

Infundibulum

50
Q

Name and describe the parts of the anterior pituitary

A

Pars distalis (anterior lobe)

Pars tuberalis(forms a sheath around the infundibulum)

51
Q

What kind of axons are in the anterior pituitary gland( adrenohypophysis)

A

Neurosecretory

52
Q

How are hormones made by neurosecretory cells transported ?

A

Hypophyseal transport system

53
Q

What is the purpose of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

They act on other endocrine glands(tropic hormones) , hormone production and secretion controlled by releasing and inhibitory hormones from hypothalamus and feedback mechanisms

54
Q

Describe the general pathway of hormones through circulatory system to leave the anterior pituitary

A
  • Controlling hormones enter blood at primary plexus
  • travel through portal veins
  • Leave anterior pituitary through secondary plexus
55
Q

What are the 5 different cell types of the adrenohypophysis and the hormones they produce

A
  1. Somatotrophs- human growth hormone(hGH)
  2. Thyrotrophs-thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  3. Gonadotrophs-FSH and LH
  4. Lactotrophs- prolactin (PRL)
  5. Corticotrophs - adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSH)
56
Q

Describe how human growth hormone allows for cell growth

A

Increases cell growth and cell division by increasing their uptake of amino acids and synthesis of proteins

57
Q

Describe how human growth hormone stimulates lypolysis

A

Causes fat to be used for energy in preference to carbohydrates and proteins

58
Q

Why does human growth hormone prevent the uptake of glucose in skeleton muscle and fat?

A

So blood glucose levels remain high enough in the brain by decreasing glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and fat

59
Q

List the functions of human growth hormone

A

Increase cell growth and division

Stimulate lypolysis

Decreases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and fat

60
Q

How does low blood sugar stimulate release of Growth releasing hormone(GHRH) ?

A

Stimulates release of GHRH from hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary releases more hGH which, along with insulin growth factor, speed up breakdown of liver, glycogen into glucose , which enters the blood more rapidly

Blood glucose raises back to normal

If blood continues to rise, hyperglycemia inhibits release of GHRH

61
Q

How does high blood sugar affect the regulation of hGH?

A

High blood sugar stimulates release of GHIH(somatostatin) from the hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary secretes less hGH

Low levels of hGH and IGF decrease the rate of glycogen breakdown in the liver and glucose enters the blood more slowly

Blood glucose falls back to normal

If blood glucose continues to fall hypoglycemia inhibits release of GHIH

62
Q

What are the results of excess of hGH?

A
  • Raises blood glucose concentration
  • Pancreas releases insulin continually
  • beta-cell burnout
63
Q

What is the diabetogenic effect of hGH?

A

Causes diabetes myelitis if no insulin activity can occur eventually

64
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Disease due to hyper secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary (remember Andre the gentle giant)

65
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of acromegaly?

A
  • excessive soft tissue growth
  • growth of hand and feet
  • increased ring and shoe size
  • large tongue
  • Thickened skin
  • enlarged jaw and forehead
66
Q

What is dwarfism?

A

Hyposecretion of growth hormone

67
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of dwarfism?

A
  • slow bone,organ and tissue growth
  • slow growth rate
  • early closure of epiphyseal plate
  • proportions normal
  • intelligence normal
  • appears younger than normal
68
Q

How is dwarfism treated?

A

Give hGH

69
Q

Explain the process of thyroid stimulating hormone increasing metabolism

A

Low blood levels of T3 and T4 or low metabolism stimulates release of Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in the hypothalamus

This causes release of TSH by thyrotropin cells

TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4 by thyroid gland by binding to thyroid follicular cells

Metabolic rate is then stimulated

Elevated T3 stimulates release of TRH and TSH (negative feedback)

70
Q

What are the functions of FSH?

A
  • initiates the formation of follicles within the ovary
  • stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen
  • stimulates sperm production in testes
71
Q

How is FSH and LH released?

A

Hypothalamus releases GnRH which stimulates gonadotrophs to release FSH and LH

72
Q

What are the functions of LH in females?

A
  • secretion of estrogen
  • triggers ovulation
  • formation of corpus luteum
  • secretion of progesterone
73
Q

What are the functions of LH in males

A

Stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone

74
Q

What is the function of prolactin?

A

Along with other hormones, it initiates and maintains milk production and secretion by the mammary glands

75
Q

How does the hypothalamus prevent prolactin secretion?

A

Hypothalamus produces prolactin inhibiting hormone( dopamine) which inhibits prolactin production by lactotroph cells

76
Q

What are the effects of suckling on prolactin levels?

A

Suckling reduces levels of hypothalamic inhibition and prolactin levels rise among with milk secretion

77
Q

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone control?

A

ACTH controls the production and secretion of hormones called glucocorticoids by the cortex of the adrenal gland

78
Q

Describe the regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone
  2. Corticotropin releasing hormone stimulates the release of corticotropin/ ACTH by
  3. ACTH stimulates release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
  4. Cortisol inhibits release of corticotropin releasing hormone in hypothalamus and inhibits corticotropin release in anterior pituitary
79
Q

What is the name of the posterior pituitary?

A

Neurophysis

80
Q

What is a function of the neurophysis and thus a difference between the neurophysis and adrenophysis?

A

Do not synthesize hormones but stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus

81
Q

What makes up the neurophysis?

A

Consists of axons and axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons

82
Q

What 2 neurotransmitters do the neurophysis release into the capillary plexus

A

Antidiuretic hormone

Oxytocin

83
Q

What is the function of oxytocin during delivery?

A

Stretching of cervix stimulates release of oxytocin

Oxytocin enhances smooth muscle contraction of the uterus

84
Q

What is the function of oxytocin after delivery?

A
  • Oxytocin stimulates uterus contraction and ejection of milk from the breasts
  • Nursing a babybafter delivery causes oxytocin release which promotes uterine contraction and placenta expulsion

-

85
Q

What are the functions of ADH?

A

Water reabsorption in the kidneys

Decreased perspiration

Arteriolar constriction

86
Q

What internal stimuli controls ADH?

A

Mainly osmotic pressure in blood

87
Q

What is the effect of ADH?

A

Decrease urine volume and conserve body water

88
Q

What are 2 things which inhibit ADH ?

A

Over hydration and alcohol intake

89
Q

Explain ADH regulation when there is high blood osmotic pressure

A
  1. High blood osmotic pressure stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors
  2. Osmoreceptors activate the neurosecretory cells that synthesize and release ADH
  3. Nerve impulses liberate ADH from axon terminals in posterior pituitary into the bloodstream where they effect target cells (kidneys retain water, sudoriferous/sweat glands and arterioles constrict)
90
Q

Explain ADH regulation when blood osmotic pressure is low

A
  1. Low blood osmotic pressure inhibits hypothalamic osmoreceptors
  2. Inhibition of osmoreceptors reduces or stops ADH secretion
91
Q

Aside from osmotic blood pressure, what are other stimulants of ADH?

A

Dehydration and hypovolemia

92
Q

What are some pituitary posterior disorders?

A

Diabetes insipidus-DI
hyposecretion of ADH
Neurogenic DI-brain tumor, head trauma affecting hypothalamus or posterior pituitary
Nephrogenic DI- kidneys do not respond to ADH
Excessive volumes of urine , dehydration, thirst
Hormone replacement therapy for life

93
Q

Describe the time to onset of hormones

A

Most take several minutes or more but some seconds

94
Q

Describe the duration of action for hormones

A

Anywhere from seconds to days

95
Q

Describe the time to action and duration of neurotransmitters

A

Results are immediate, milliseconds

Brief duration of effects

96
Q

Explain the amplifications hormone effects, specifically water soluble

A

A single molecule activates about 100 G proteins

Each G protein molecule activates an adenylate cyclist molecule which then produce about 1000 to 100,000 cAMP liberated in the cell

This may end up in the activation of 100ls of substrate molecules

97
Q

What are common target cells of hGH?

A

Liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, cartilage and bone

98
Q

What can stimulate milk ejection in mother’s?

A

Hearing baby’s crying and suckling

2nd block (6 decks)

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