Hematological Disorders Flashcards
Diagnostic studies of the hematologist system
-Complete blood count
-PT, INR, aPTT, Platlets
-Hematocrit, Hemoglobin
-Radiological studies
-Biopsy
•bone marrow examination
•Lymph node biopsy
-Molecular cytogenetics and gene analysis
Anemia; definition
A deficiency in the number of erythrocytes (RBCs), the quantity or quality of hemoglobin, and the volume of packed RBCs (hematocrit), or a combination of these.
Anemia; diagnosis
Identified by history and physical examination, complete blood count.
Iron deficiency anemia; NM
It is important to recognize groups of individuals who are at an increased risk for the development of iron deficiency anemia:
-premenopausal women and pregnant women
-People from low socioeconomic backgrounds
-Older adults
-Individuals experiencing blood loss
Iron deficiency Anemia; CM
-Extreme fatigue
-Weakness
-Pale skin
-Chest pain, tachycardia or shortness of breath
-Headache, dizziness or lightheadedness
-Cold hands and feet
-Inflammation or soreness of your tongue
-Brittle nails
Iron deficiency anemia; treatment
-Iron supplements
-Dietary adjustments
Food high in iron
-Red meat, pork and poultry
-Seafood
-Beans
-Dark green leafy veggies
-dried fruit, raisins and apricots
-Iron fortified cereals, breads, and pastas
-Peas
Thalassemia; definition
An inherited disorder of low hemoglobin
Thalassemia; CM
-Fatigue
-Weakness
-Pale or yellowish skin
-Facial bone deformities
-Slow growth
-Abdominal swelling
-Dark urine
Thalassemia; Tx
-Blood transfusion
-Monitor Hgb
-Chelation therapy
Thalassemia; complications
-iron overloaded
-infection
Megaloblastic Anemias
-The most common causes of megaloblastic anemia are deficiency of either cobalamin (Vitiman b12) or folate (Vitiman b9). These two vitimans serve as building blocks and are essential for the production of healthy cells such as the precursors to red blood cells.
-Red blood cells are large and not enough
B12 deficiency; CM
-Pale yellow skin
-Glossitis
-Mouth ulcers
-Paresthesia
-Vision disturbances
-irritability
-depression
Vitiman B9 (folate) deficiency; CM
-Tiredness
-Fatigue/lethargy
-Muscle weakness
-Neurological signs: paresthesia, burning, or peripheral neuropathy
Acute blood loss; NM
-In the case of trauma, it may be impossible to prevent the situation leading to the blood loss.
-For postoperative clients carefully monitor the blood loss from various drainage tubes and dressings and implement appropriate actions
Chronic blood loss; NM
-Sources of chronic blood loss are similar to those of iron-deficiency anemia (e.g bleeding ulcer, hemorrhoids, menstrual and post menopausal blood loss)
-Effects of chronic blood loss are usually related to the depletion of iron stores and are usually considered as iron deficiency anemia.
Anemia cause by increased erythrocyte destruction (hemolytic anemia)
A condition caused by the destruction or hemolysis of RBCs at a rate that exceeds production
Sickle cell disease; collaborative care
-Directed towards alleviating symptoms from complications of the disease, minimizing end-target organ damage, and promptly treating serious sequelae, such as acute chest syndrome.
-Teach clients to avoid high altitudes, extreme temperatures, minimize stress, maintain adequate fluid intake, and treat infections promptly.
-Pneumovax, influenza and hepatitis immunization should be administered
Hemochromatosis
-An iron overload disorder
-Primarily chased by a genetic deficit, but occupies secondary to diseases such as sideroblastic anemia
-May also be cussed by liver disease and multiple blood transfusions
-Early tx can prevent serious complications
Polycythemia
-Production and presence of increased number of RBCs
-increase in RBCs can be so great that blood circulation is impaired as a result of the increased blood viscosity (hyperviscosity) and volume (hypovolemia).
Problems of Hemostasis
-Thrombo-cytopenia (low platelet count)
-Hemophilia and von Willebrand disease (inherited disorders of specific clotting factors)
-Disseminated intravascular coagulaiton (DIC)
What is low platelets called
Thrombocytopenia
What is high platelets called
Thrombocytosis
What is leukopenia
Decreased leukocytes (I.e. in viral infections)
What is neutropenia?
Decreased neutrophils (i.e. infection, cancer treatment)
What is pancytopenia
Low levels of all 3 types of blood cells
-RBCs
-WBCs
-Platlets
Causes of pancytopenia
-Diseases such as cancer, lupus, or bone marrow disease
-Infections
-Medicine side effects
-Environmental toxins, including radiation, benzene, or arsenic
-Chemotherapy or radiation treatments
-Autoimmune disorders
-Family history of blood disorders
