Hematologic System Flashcards
Centrifugation
Spinning blood to separate it.
Blood after centrifugation
Plasma 55%, least dense,
White blood cells <1%,
Red blood cells 45%, most dense.
Plasma
90% water,
8% protein e.g albumin, antibody, fibrinogen,
2% hormones, electrolytes and nutrients.
Serum
Similar to plasma but does not contain fibrinogen.
Hematocrit
The volume of RBC divided by total blood volume.
Affected by age, gender and environment.
35% for pregnant women, 55% for foetus.
Polycythemia
Hematocrit is very high.
Anemia
Hematocrit is very low.
CO2 transport
Diffused in the blood and carried in plasma.
Heme groups
Hemaglobin molecules have 4 heme groups hat bind to O2.
2 alpha and 2 beta units.
Porafin structure with an iron ion at the centre, which binds to O2.
RBCs
Contain 98.5% of O2 in the blood.
No DNA.
Nucleus pushed out to make more space for haemoglobin.
Life of about 120 days.
5 million in 1 microlitre of blood.
Erythrocytes.
Recycled by monocytes at the spleen or liver.
Cell membranes
Made of lipids.
Have A and B molecules embedded.
A and B molecules
Glycolipids.
Determine blood type.
Embedded into cell membranes.
Type O blood
Has no A or B molecules.
Has antibodies against A and B molecules.
Universal donor.
Type AB blood
Has A and B molecules.
No antibodies against A or B molecules.
Universal recipient.
Type A blood
Has A molecules and antibodies against B molecules.
Can give to AB and A.
Can receive from A or O.
Type B blood
Has B molecules and antibodies against A molecules.
Can give to AB and B.
Can receive from B and O.
Pluripotent hematopoetic stem cells
Form myeloid lineage and lymphoid lineages.
Myeloid lineages
Produce 6 types of cells Megakaryocytes, which produce platelets. Monocytes, which become macrophages or dendritic cells. Neutriphils, Eosinophils and Basophils. Mast cells.
Megakaryocytes
From pluripotent hematopoetic stem cells down the myeloid lineage.
Have a lot of cytoplasm.
Produces platelets by breaking off.
Monocytes
From the pluripotent hematopoetic stem cells through the myeloid lineage.
become macrophages of the immune system or dendritic cells.
Released by the spleen to phagocytose old RBCs.
Lymphoid lineage
From the pluripotent hematopoetic stem cells.
Give rise to B cells,T cells and natural killer cells.
Produce dendritic cells.
10 types of RBCs
Megakaryocytes Macrophages Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils Mast cells B cells, T cells, Natural Killer cells Dendritic cells
Platelets
200,000 in 1 microlitre of blood.
Fragments of cells that break off.
Come from megokaryocytes.
Broken down by monocytes in the spleen and liver.
Builds a barrier to make blood clot when chemically interacted with collagen.
Erythropoesis
Creation of RBCs
Erythropoetin
Stimulates bone marrow for erythropoesis if there is low O2.
Hormone created in the kidney.
Thrombopoetin
Stimulates platelet production.
Hemoglobin
Made up of 4 heme groups and 4 peptide chains.
Co-operative binding.
270 million in a RBC.
Co-operative binding
When the iron ion of a heme group binds to a molecule, the hemoglobin changes shape so that other ions can bind more easily.
Allosteric inhbition
CO2 and protons bond to the hemoglobin protein, making it harder to hold on to O2.
Causing O2 to be released where it is more needed.
Carbonic acid
CO2 turns into carbonic acid in the presence of carbonic anhydrase.
Drops a hydrogen proton, which binds to hemoglobin causing allosteric inhibition.
This is a reversible reaction.
Oxyhemoglobin
Oxygen bound with Hb.
Carbaminohemoglobin
Carbon bound to Hb.
Foetus hemaglobin
2 alpha and 2 gamma units
2, 3-DiPhosphoglycerate
2, 3 DPG, In RBCs, Binds to beta units to release O2 and change the shape of the molecule. Can't bind to gamma units. Increases with need for O2.
P50
50% level of hemoglobin bound to O2.
At partial pressure of 27 in adult.
At partial pressure of 20 in foetus.
CaO2
Content of arterial O2.
Measured in ml of O2 per 100ml of blood.
Includes O2 bound to haemoglobin and dissolved in blood.
PaO2
Partial pressure of O2 in artery.
Collagen
Structural protein outside the endothelial cells that make the wall of a blood vessel.
It chemically interacts with platelets to form a platelet plug.
Fibrin
Strands of polymerise, stick together in a line.
Circulates in the blood as fibrinogen.
3000mg per ml in the blood.
Fibrinogen
Activated by thrombin into fibrin.
Coagulation cascade
Intrinsic and extrinsic pathway.
Protein 12 activates protein 11,
Protein 11 activates protein 9,
Protein 9 works with protein 8 to activate protein 10,
Protein 10 is also activated by tissue factor via protein 7,
Protein 10 works with protein 5 to activate thrombin,
Thrombn activates proteins 5, 7, 8, 11, 13 and antithrombin, it also helps create plasmin from plasminogen.
Protein 13 activates fibrin to form a mesh.
Plasmin breaks apart the fibrin mesh.
Protein 12
Activates protein 11.
Protein 11
Activated by protein 12.
Activates protein 9.
Protein 9
Activated by protein 11.
Works with protein 8 to activate protein 10.
Protein 8
Activated by thrombin.
Works with protein 9 to activate protein 10.
Protein 10
Activated by protein 9 working with 8 and tissue factor via protein 7.
Works with protein 5 to activate thrombin.
Protein 7
Activated by thrombin and tissue factor.
Activates protein 10.
Protein 5
Activated by thrombin.
Works with protein 10 to activate thrombin.
Thrombin
Activated by protein 10 working with protein 5.
Activates proteins 5, 7, 8, 11, 13 and antithrombin.
it also help create plasmin from plasminogen.
Protein 13
Activated by thrombin.
Activates fibrin to form a mesh.
Plasmin
Plasminogen activated by thrombin.
Breaks apart fibrin mesh.
Antithrombin
Decreases thrombin and protein 10 activation.
Produced by thrombin.
Haemophilia
Condition where the blood does not clot.
Type A, B and C.
Haemophilia A
Deficiency of protein 8.
Haemophilia B
Deficiency of protein 9.
Haemophilia C
Deficiency of protein 11.
Extrinsic pathway of coagulation cascade
Tissue factor, Protein 7, Protein 10, Thrombin, Proteins 5, 7, 8, 11 and 13 Fibrin
Intrinsic pathway of coagulation cascade
Protein 12, Protein 11, Protein 9 works with protein 8, Protein 10 works with protein 5, Thrombin, Plasmin and antithrombin.
Bohr effect
CO2/H+ affecting the affinity of Hb for O2.
Affinity
Willingness to bind.
Hadane effect
O2 affecting the affinity of Hb for CO2/H+.
Hypoxic
Low oxygen pressure.
