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Anatomy & Physiology > Hematologic System > Flashcards

Hematologic System Flashcards

1
Q

Centrifugation

A

Spinning blood to separate it.

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2
Q

Blood after centrifugation

A

Plasma 55%, least dense,
White blood cells <1%,
Red blood cells 45%, most dense.

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3
Q

Plasma

A

90% water,
8% protein e.g albumin, antibody, fibrinogen,
2% hormones, electrolytes and nutrients.

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4
Q

Serum

A

Similar to plasma but does not contain fibrinogen.

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5
Q

Hematocrit

A

The volume of RBC divided by total blood volume.
Affected by age, gender and environment.
35% for pregnant women, 55% for foetus.

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6
Q

Polycythemia

A

Hematocrit is very high.

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7
Q

Anemia

A

Hematocrit is very low.

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8
Q

CO2 transport

A

Diffused in the blood and carried in plasma.

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9
Q

Heme groups

A

Hemaglobin molecules have 4 heme groups hat bind to O2.
2 alpha and 2 beta units.
Porafin structure with an iron ion at the centre, which binds to O2.

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10
Q

RBCs

A

Contain 98.5% of O2 in the blood.
No DNA.
Nucleus pushed out to make more space for haemoglobin.
Life of about 120 days.
5 million in 1 microlitre of blood.
Erythrocytes.
Recycled by monocytes at the spleen or liver.

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11
Q

Cell membranes

A

Made of lipids.

Have A and B molecules embedded.

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12
Q

A and B molecules

A

Glycolipids.
Determine blood type.
Embedded into cell membranes.

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13
Q

Type O blood

A

Has no A or B molecules.
Has antibodies against A and B molecules.
Universal donor.

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14
Q

Type AB blood

A

Has A and B molecules.
No antibodies against A or B molecules.
Universal recipient.

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15
Q

Type A blood

A

Has A molecules and antibodies against B molecules.
Can give to AB and A.
Can receive from A or O.

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16
Q

Type B blood

A

Has B molecules and antibodies against A molecules.
Can give to AB and B.
Can receive from B and O.

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17
Q

Pluripotent hematopoetic stem cells

A

Form myeloid lineage and lymphoid lineages.

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18
Q

Myeloid lineages

A 
Produce 6 types of cells
Megakaryocytes, which produce platelets.
Monocytes, which become macrophages or dendritic cells.
Neutriphils, Eosinophils and Basophils.
Mast cells.
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19
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

From pluripotent hematopoetic stem cells down the myeloid lineage.
Have a lot of cytoplasm.
Produces platelets by breaking off.

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20
Q

Monocytes

A

From the pluripotent hematopoetic stem cells through the myeloid lineage.
become macrophages of the immune system or dendritic cells.
Released by the spleen to phagocytose old RBCs.

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21
Q

Lymphoid lineage

A

From the pluripotent hematopoetic stem cells.
Give rise to B cells,T cells and natural killer cells.
Produce dendritic cells.

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22
Q

10 types of RBCs

A 
Megakaryocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Mast cells
B cells, T cells, Natural Killer cells
Dendritic cells
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23
Q

Platelets

A

200,000 in 1 microlitre of blood.
Fragments of cells that break off.
Come from megokaryocytes.
Broken down by monocytes in the spleen and liver.
Builds a barrier to make blood clot when chemically interacted with collagen.

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24
Q

Erythropoesis

A

Creation of RBCs

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25
Q

Erythropoetin

A

Stimulates bone marrow for erythropoesis if there is low O2.

Hormone created in the kidney.

26
Q

Thrombopoetin

A

Stimulates platelet production.

27
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Made up of 4 heme groups and 4 peptide chains.
Co-operative binding.
270 million in a RBC.

28
Q

Co-operative binding

A

When the iron ion of a heme group binds to a molecule, the hemoglobin changes shape so that other ions can bind more easily.

29
Q

Allosteric inhbition

A

CO2 and protons bond to the hemoglobin protein, making it harder to hold on to O2.
Causing O2 to be released where it is more needed.

30
Q

Carbonic acid

A

CO2 turns into carbonic acid in the presence of carbonic anhydrase.
Drops a hydrogen proton, which binds to hemoglobin causing allosteric inhibition.
This is a reversible reaction.

31
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Oxygen bound with Hb.

32
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

Carbon bound to Hb.

33
Q

Foetus hemaglobin

A

2 alpha and 2 gamma units

34
Q

2, 3-DiPhosphoglycerate

A 
2, 3 DPG,
In RBCs,
Binds to beta units to release O2 and change the shape of the molecule.
Can't bind to gamma units.
Increases with need for O2.
35
Q

P50

A

50% level of hemoglobin bound to O2.
At partial pressure of 27 in adult.
At partial pressure of 20 in foetus.

36
Q

CaO2

A

Content of arterial O2.
Measured in ml of O2 per 100ml of blood.
Includes O2 bound to haemoglobin and dissolved in blood.

37
Q

PaO2

A

Partial pressure of O2 in artery.

38
Q

Collagen

A

Structural protein outside the endothelial cells that make the wall of a blood vessel.
It chemically interacts with platelets to form a platelet plug.

39
Q

Fibrin

A

Strands of polymerise, stick together in a line.
Circulates in the blood as fibrinogen.
3000mg per ml in the blood.

40
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Activated by thrombin into fibrin.

41
Q

Coagulation cascade

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic pathway.
Protein 12 activates protein 11,
Protein 11 activates protein 9,
Protein 9 works with protein 8 to activate protein 10,
Protein 10 is also activated by tissue factor via protein 7,
Protein 10 works with protein 5 to activate thrombin,
Thrombn activates proteins 5, 7, 8, 11, 13 and antithrombin, it also helps create plasmin from plasminogen.
Protein 13 activates fibrin to form a mesh.
Plasmin breaks apart the fibrin mesh.

42
Q

Protein 12

A

Activates protein 11.

43
Q

Protein 11

A

Activated by protein 12.

Activates protein 9.

44
Q

Protein 9

A

Activated by protein 11.

Works with protein 8 to activate protein 10.

45
Q

Protein 8

A

Activated by thrombin.

Works with protein 9 to activate protein 10.

46
Q

Protein 10

A

Activated by protein 9 working with 8 and tissue factor via protein 7.
Works with protein 5 to activate thrombin.

47
Q

Protein 7

A

Activated by thrombin and tissue factor.

Activates protein 10.

48
Q

Protein 5

A

Activated by thrombin.

Works with protein 10 to activate thrombin.

49
Q

Thrombin

A

Activated by protein 10 working with protein 5.
Activates proteins 5, 7, 8, 11, 13 and antithrombin.
it also help create plasmin from plasminogen.

50
Q

Protein 13

A

Activated by thrombin.

Activates fibrin to form a mesh.

51
Q

Plasmin

A

Plasminogen activated by thrombin.

Breaks apart fibrin mesh.

52
Q

Antithrombin

A

Decreases thrombin and protein 10 activation.

Produced by thrombin.

53
Q

Haemophilia

A

Condition where the blood does not clot.

Type A, B and C.

54
Q

Haemophilia A

A

Deficiency of protein 8.

55
Q

Haemophilia B

A

Deficiency of protein 9.

56
Q

Haemophilia C

A

Deficiency of protein 11.

57
Q

Extrinsic pathway of coagulation cascade

A 
Tissue factor,
Protein 7, 
Protein 10, 
Thrombin, 
Proteins 5, 7, 8, 11 and 13
Fibrin
58
Q

Intrinsic pathway of coagulation cascade

A 
Protein 12,
Protein 11, 
Protein 9 works with protein 8,
Protein 10 works with protein 5,
Thrombin,
Plasmin and antithrombin.
59
Q

Bohr effect

A

CO2/H+ affecting the affinity of Hb for O2.

60
Q

Affinity

A

Willingness to bind.

61
Q

Hadane effect

A

O2 affecting the affinity of Hb for CO2/H+.

62
Q

Hypoxic

A

Low oxygen pressure.

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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