Circulatory System

Question 1

Thorax

Answer 1

The part of the body between the neck and abdomen, supported by the ribs, costal cartilages and sternum.

Question 2

Systemic blood flow

Answer 2

Carries oxygenated blood to the capillaries in the tissues of the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Question 3

Superior vena cava

Answer 3

The vein that brings blood back from the head and anterior part of the body to the heart.

Question 4

Inferior vena cava

Answer 4

The largest vein in the human body, formed by the union of the 2 common iliac veins at the level of the 5th lumbar vertebra and returns blood to the heart from body parts below the diaphragm.

Question 5

Pulmonary blood flow

Answer 5

Is the blood supply from the heart, to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Returning back to the heart to be pumped round the body.

Question 6

Aortic arch

Answer 6

The segment of the aorta that helps distribute blood to the head and upper extremities via the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid and the left subclavian artery.

Question 7

Tricuspid valve

Answer 7

A valve of 3 flaps that prevents reflux of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium

Question 8

Ventricle

Answer 8

A chamber of the heart which receives blood from a corresponding atrium and forces it into the arteries.

Question 9

Atrium

Answer 9

A chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into the ventricles.

Question 10

Mitral valve

Answer 10

A cardiac valve consisting of 2 triangular flaps which allow only unidirectional blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

Question 11

Aortic valve

Answer 11

The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood flowing back into the left ventricle.

Question 12

Pulmonary arteries

Answer 12

An artery that conveys venous blood from the heart to the lungs.

Question 13

Pulmonary trunk

Answer 13

A vessel that arises from the right ventricle of the heart, extends upward and divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries.

Question 14

Pulmonary veins

Answer 14

A valveless vein that returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

Question 15

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 15

The passage of blood from the right side of the heart through arteries to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and is returned to the left side of the heart by veins.

Question 16

Mitochondria

Answer 16

Organelles found outside the nucleus that produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration and are rich in fats, proteins and enzymes.

Question 17

Red blood cells

Answer 17

Hemoglobin containing cells that carry oxygen to the tissues. Typically concave disks which lack a nucleus and cellular organelles and are formed from nucleated cells of the red bone marrow.

Question 18

Haemoglobin

Answer 18

Iron containing respiratory pigment of red blood cells that function in the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body. It consists of 4 polypeptide chains, 2 alpha and 2 beta, gamma or delta. Each links with a heme molecule that combines loosely with oxygen in the lungs to form oxyhemoglobin.

Question 19

lubb dupp

Answer 19

Characteristic sounds of a normal heartbeat as heard in auscultation.

Question 20

Systole

Answer 20

A rhythmically recurrent contraction of the heart by which the blood is forced out of the chambers into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

Question 21

Diastole

Answer 21

A rhythmically recurrent expansion or relaxation and dilation of the chambers of the heart in which the ventricles fill with blood.

Question 22

Papillary muscle

Answer 22

One of the small muscular columns attached at one end to the chordae tendineae and at the other end to the wall of the ventricle to maintain tension on the chordae tendineae as the ventricle contracts.

Question 23

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 23

The valves between atria and ventricles of the hearts. Including the mitrial valve and the tricuspid valve.

Question 24

Chordae tendineae

Answer 24

Delicate tendinous cords that are attached to the edges of the atrioventricular valves of the heart and papillary muscles to prevent valves from being pushed into the atrium during the ventricular contraction.

Question 25

Interventricular septum

Answer 25

The wall separating the ventricles from one another.

Question 26

Ventriular septal defect

Answer 26

A hole in the heart, common heart defect that is present at birth. The hole occurs in the wall that separates the ventricles.

Question 27

Endocardium

Answer 27

A thin serous membrane lining the cavities of the heart.

Question 28

Myocardium

Answer 28

The middle muscular layer of the heart wall.

Question 29

Pericardium

Answer 29

The sac of serous membrane that encloses the heart.

Question 30

Visceral pericardium

Answer 30

The layer of the pericardium that closely adheres to the heart.

Question 31

Parietal pericardium

Answer 31

The layer of the pericardium that lines the outer pericardium.

Question 32

Epicardium

Answer 32

The space between the layers of pericardium.

Question 33

Arteriole

Answer 33

Small terminal twigs of an artery that ends in capillaries.

Question 34

Vasodilation

Answer 34

Widening of the lumen of blood vessels.

Question 35

Vasoconstriction

Answer 35

Narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels.

Question 36

Capillaries

Answer 36

A minute thin walled vessel of the body, the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules forming networks throughout the body.

Question 37

Venule

Answer 37

A small vein connecting the capillaries with larger systemic veins.

Question 38

Elastic arteries

Answer 38

Arteries with many collagen and elastin filaments in the tunica media, giving it the ability to stretch in response to each pulse.

Question 39

Elastin

Answer 39

A protein that is similar to collagen and is the chief constituent of elastic fibers.

Question 40

Muscular arteries

Answer 40

Medium sized arteries that draw blood from an elastic artery and branches into resistance vessels including small arteries and arterioles.
Their walls contain a larger number of smooth muscles, allowing them to contract and expand.

Question 41

Smooth muscle

Answer 41

A tissue tat lacks cross striations and is made up of elongated spindle shaped cells with a central nucleus. Found especially in hollow organs and structures. They are thin sheets performing functions not subject to direct voluntary control.

Question 42

Alveolus

Answer 42

A small cavity or pit such as the small air containing sacs of the lungs in which the bronchioles terminate and respiratory gases are exchanged with pulmonary capillaries.

Question 43

Celiac trunk

Answer 43

A major artery that supplies the foregut of the gastrointestinal tract. It arises from the abdominal aorta at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebrae. It gives off 3 major branches, the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries.

Question 44

Oxygen

Answer 44

A chemical element that consitutes 21% of the earth’s atmosphere. Active in all physiological processes of almost all known organisms.

Question 45

Carbon Dioxide

Answer 45

A heavy colourless gas that dissolves in water to form carbonic acid. It is formed especially in animal respiration and in the decay or combustion of matter. Absorbed from the air by plants in photosynthesis.