Hematologic Disorders Flashcards
Study of blood and blood forming tissues
Includes the bone marrow, blood, spleen, and lymph
Involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide,
maintenance of intravascular volume and blood coagulation, and
fighting infections
HEMATOLOGY
Soft material that fills the core of the bones in which hematopoiesis
occurs
BONE MARROW
2 types of BONE MARROW
Yellow (adipose)
Red (hematopoietic) - actively makes blood cells
a connective tissue that functions as transporter, regulator, and
protector
BLOOD
2 major components of blood
Plasma and Blood cells
composed of mostly water and contains various
proteins, electrolytes, gasses, and wastes
Plasma
develop from a common stem cell found in the bone
marrow and differentiates into 3 types
Blood cells
3 types of blood cells
RBC (erythrocytes)
WBC (leukocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
Transport
Regulate
Protect
what does the blood transport?
O2 from lungs to cells
Nutrients from GI to cells
Hormones from endocrine glands to tissues and cells
Metabolic waste products from cells to lungs, liver, and
kidneys for disposal
what does the blood regulate?
F&E balance
Acid-base balance
Body temperature
Maintaining intravascular oncotic pressure (IOP)
what does the blood protect?
Maintain homeostasis of blood coagulation
Combating invasion of pathogens and other foreign
substances
plasma contains how many percent of the blood
55%
fortified elements contains how many percent of the blood
45%
% of water in blood
91%
diagnostic measure to calculate the percentage of blood cells in comparison with the liquid component
Hematocrit
Transport of gases and maintenance of acid-base
balance
Contains hemoglobin (Hgb) which is a complex protein-iron compound which binds to O2 and CO2
ERYTHROCYTES
most important blood component of erythrocytes
Hgb
hemoglobin with attached O2 (bind to the iron) from the lung which gives the characterized bright red appearance of arterials blood
Oxyhemoglobin
A normal adult makes about _____ million RBC per second
2.5
Lifespan of RBCs
120 days
Essential nutrients needed in the formation of erythrocytes
protein, iron, folate, cobalamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, niacin, ascorbic acid, copper, and vit E
Immature RBC w/c mature 48h after its release in the
bloodstream
Reticulocyte
increased hematocrit results in
dehydration
Destruction of RBCs are routinely done by monocytes and macrophages to remove abnormal, defective, and damaged old RBCs from circulation
It increases bilirubin (waste product of hemolysis of RBC) in the body which the liver excretes via the bile
Hemolysis
Plasma is mainly composed of
Water
promotes production of mature red blood cells in the bone marrow. more red blood cells in the circulation leads to increased oxygenation and lower levels of hypoxia
ERYTHROPOIESIS
promotes production of mature red blood cells in the bone marrow. more red blood cells in the circulation leads to increased oxygenation and lower levels of hypoxia
ERYTHROPOIESIS
mother of all stem cells
pluripotent stem cell
AKA immature RBCs which matures 48 hrs after release in the bloodstream
reticulocyte
reticulocyte will mature into
erythrocyte
biggest blood component
megakaryocyte
megakaryocytes divide into what
platelets
Red blood cells contain?
hemoglobin
2 parts of hemoglobin
Heme- iron part
globin- protein part
oxygen binds to what part of the hemoglobin?
heme part
CO2 binds to what part of the hemoglobin?
globin part
hormone that will stimulate the bone marrow to start erythropoeisis
erythropoietin
if kidney does not produce erythropoietin, what disease may happen?
Anemia, CKD
Hba1c is also termed as
glycosylated hemoglobin
destruction of RBCs are routinely done by monocytes and macrophages to remove abnormal, defective and damaged old RBCs from circulation
hemolysis
for the destruction of RBCs, this is included
bilirubin
increased hemolysis causes what disease (high levels of bilirubin) na di agad matatanggal nung liver
jaundice
Iron is ingested, how?
diet and supplements
iron comes mainly from
organ meats
iron is best absorbed in an ______ stomach
empty
protein that transfers ferritin (iron stores)
transferrin (serum)
transferrin is found in the?
blood
transferrin transfer in two ways, what are these 2 ways?
hemoglobin making, storage
after recycling by the macrophages and monocytes, iron will return in these forms
ferritin and hemosiderin
appears white when separated in blood
resides most commonly in the thymus or lymphoid tissues (spleen, thymus, peyer patches)
leukocytes
2 kinds of leukocytes
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
have granules (heparin, histamine)in its cytoplasm
granulocytes
3 examples of granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
NEB
have no granules in its cytoplasm
Agranulocytes (May letter A sa cell wall)
A= absence
3 examples of agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Natural Killer Cells (BNT Cells)
Main function of granulocytes
Phagocytosis
Neutrophils are _____ when mature; ______ when immature
segmented when mature; band when immature
Neutrophils are used during what phase
during acute inflammatory process
neutrophils dies in how many days
dies in 1-2 days
increased neutrophils means
acute inflammation
important in antibody-antigen complexes during allergic response
eosinophils
“containment”
contains heparin and histamine that is released during allergy and inflammation
basophils
Released during inflammation and act like basophils
Mast Cells
(B-Cells and T-Cells)
For cellular and humoral immune response
Lymphocytes
Potent phagocytic cells that ingest dead cells,
bacteria, debris, and other defective RBCs
Monocytes
During inflammation, interleukin 6 (IL-6) stimulates TPO
(thrombopoietin) which in turn stimulates thrombopoiesis or
production of platelet in the bone marrow what part of the blood
THROMBOCYTES
Platelets have a lifespan of _______days
8-11 days
arrest of bleeding is called
Hemostasis
5 phases of normal clotting mechanism
Clue: VPCCC
Vascular Phase (1)
Platelet Phase (2)
Coagulation Phase (3)
Clot Retraction (4)
Clot Destruction (5)
goal is platelet aggregation and platelet plug
includes the Vascular & Platelet Phase
Primary Hemostasis
includes step 3 (Coagulation Phase)
involves 2
pathways – extrinsic and intrinsic
Secondary Hemostasis
Clot Retraction &
Destruction
Ending the process of hemostasis
consists of lymph fluid, lymphatic capillaries, ducts, and lymph nodes
Carries fluid from the interstitial spaces to the blood
LYMPH SYSTEM
pale yellow interstitial fluid that has diffused through lymphatic capillary walls
Lymph fluid
small clumps of lymphatic tissue which filters pathogens and foreign particles
Lymph nodes
Largest lymphoid organ on the upper left quadrant
makes RBCs for babies
SPLEEN
spleen can also influence the ability of your body to make RBCs
access of filter to to remove damaged RBCs and
filter out bacteri
Hematopoietic- spleen can also influence the ability of your body to make RBCs
Filtration- access of filter to to remove damaged RBCs and filter out bacteria
Immunologic- lymphocytes and monocytes in case of invasive pathogen
Storage- store RBC and platelets
Functions of lymphatic system
Metabolic, secretory, vascular and storage functions
Makes all the procoagulants that are essential to hemostasis
is the one making the clotting factors
Secretes bilirubin and bile
Stores iron that exceeds tissue needs
LIVER
Composed of special tissue macrophages
Monocytes stay in the circulation (24h) then enter the tissues where
they continue to differentiate into macrophages which survives for months
They defend using phagocytosis from pathogens, remove damaged cells, stimulate the inflammatory process
RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM
