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NCM 112- MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING > Hematologic Disorders > Flashcards

Hematologic Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Study of blood and blood forming tissues

Includes the bone marrow, blood, spleen, and lymph

Involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide,
maintenance of intravascular volume and blood coagulation, and
fighting infections

A

HEMATOLOGY

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2
Q

Soft material that fills the core of the bones in which hematopoiesis
occurs

A

BONE MARROW

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3
Q

2 types of BONE MARROW

A

Yellow (adipose)

Red (hematopoietic) - actively makes blood cells

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4
Q

a connective tissue that functions as transporter, regulator, and
protector

A

BLOOD

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5
Q

2 major components of blood

A

Plasma and Blood cells

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6
Q

composed of mostly water and contains various
proteins, electrolytes, gasses, and wastes

A

Plasma

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7
Q

develop from a common stem cell found in the bone
marrow and differentiates into 3 types

A

Blood cells

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8
Q

3 types of blood cells

A

RBC (erythrocytes)
WBC (leukocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)

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9
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD

A

Transport
Regulate
Protect

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10
Q

what does the blood transport?

A

O2 from lungs to cells

Nutrients from GI to cells

Hormones from endocrine glands to tissues and cells

Metabolic waste products from cells to lungs, liver, and
kidneys for disposal

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11
Q

what does the blood regulate?

A

F&E balance
Acid-base balance
Body temperature
Maintaining intravascular oncotic pressure (IOP)

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12
Q

what does the blood protect?

A

Maintain homeostasis of blood coagulation

Combating invasion of pathogens and other foreign
substances

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13
Q

plasma contains how many percent of the blood

A

55%

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14
Q

fortified elements contains how many percent of the blood

A

45%

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15
Q

% of water in blood

A

91%

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16
Q

diagnostic measure to calculate the percentage of blood cells in comparison with the liquid component

A

Hematocrit

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17
Q

Transport of gases and maintenance of acid-base
balance

Contains hemoglobin (Hgb) which is a complex protein-iron compound which binds to O2 and CO2

A

ERYTHROCYTES

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18
Q

most important blood component of erythrocytes

A

Hgb

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19
Q

hemoglobin with attached O2 (bind to the iron) from the lung which gives the characterized bright red appearance of arterials blood

A

Oxyhemoglobin

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20
Q

A normal adult makes about _____ million RBC per second

A

2.5

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21
Q

Lifespan of RBCs

A

120 days

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22
Q

Essential nutrients needed in the formation of erythrocytes

A

protein, iron, folate, cobalamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, niacin, ascorbic acid, copper, and vit E

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23
Q

Immature RBC w/c mature 48h after its release in the
bloodstream

A

Reticulocyte

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24
Q

increased hematocrit results in

A

dehydration

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25
Q

Destruction of RBCs are routinely done by monocytes and macrophages to remove abnormal, defective, and damaged old RBCs from circulation

It increases bilirubin (waste product of hemolysis of RBC) in the body which the liver excretes via the bile

A

Hemolysis

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26
Q

Plasma is mainly composed of

A

Water

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27
Q

promotes production of mature red blood cells in the bone marrow. more red blood cells in the circulation leads to increased oxygenation and lower levels of hypoxia

A

ERYTHROPOIESIS

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28
Q

promotes production of mature red blood cells in the bone marrow. more red blood cells in the circulation leads to increased oxygenation and lower levels of hypoxia

A

ERYTHROPOIESIS

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29
Q

mother of all stem cells

A

pluripotent stem cell

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30
Q

AKA immature RBCs which matures 48 hrs after release in the bloodstream

A

reticulocyte

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31
Q

reticulocyte will mature into

A

erythrocyte

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32
Q

biggest blood component

A

megakaryocyte

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33
Q

megakaryocytes divide into what

A

platelets

34
Q

Red blood cells contain?

A

hemoglobin

35
Q

2 parts of hemoglobin

A

Heme- iron part
globin- protein part

36
Q

oxygen binds to what part of the hemoglobin?

A

heme part

37
Q

CO2 binds to what part of the hemoglobin?

A

globin part

38
Q

hormone that will stimulate the bone marrow to start erythropoeisis

A

erythropoietin

39
Q

if kidney does not produce erythropoietin, what disease may happen?

A

Anemia, CKD

40
Q

Hba1c is also termed as

A

glycosylated hemoglobin

41
Q

destruction of RBCs are routinely done by monocytes and macrophages to remove abnormal, defective and damaged old RBCs from circulation

A

hemolysis

42
Q

for the destruction of RBCs, this is included

A

bilirubin

43
Q

increased hemolysis causes what disease (high levels of bilirubin) na di agad matatanggal nung liver

A

jaundice

44
Q

Iron is ingested, how?

A

diet and supplements

45
Q

iron comes mainly from

A

organ meats

46
Q

iron is best absorbed in an ______ stomach

A

empty

47
Q

protein that transfers ferritin (iron stores)

A

transferrin (serum)

48
Q

transferrin is found in the?

A

blood

49
Q

transferrin transfer in two ways, what are these 2 ways?

A

hemoglobin making, storage

50
Q

after recycling by the macrophages and monocytes, iron will return in these forms

A

ferritin and hemosiderin

51
Q

appears white when separated in blood

resides most commonly in the thymus or lymphoid tissues (spleen, thymus, peyer patches)

A

leukocytes

52
Q

2 kinds of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

53
Q

have granules (heparin, histamine)in its cytoplasm

A

granulocytes

54
Q

3 examples of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

NEB

55
Q

have no granules in its cytoplasm

A

Agranulocytes (May letter A sa cell wall)

A= absence

56
Q

3 examples of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Natural Killer Cells (BNT Cells)

57
Q

Main function of granulocytes

A

Phagocytosis

58
Q

Neutrophils are _____ when mature; ______ when immature

A

segmented when mature; band when immature

59
Q

Neutrophils are used during what phase

A

during acute inflammatory process

60
Q

neutrophils dies in how many days

A

dies in 1-2 days

61
Q

increased neutrophils means

A

acute inflammation

62
Q

important in antibody-antigen complexes during allergic response

A

eosinophils

63
Q

“containment”

contains heparin and histamine that is released during allergy and inflammation

A

basophils

64
Q

Released during inflammation and act like basophils

A

Mast Cells

65
Q

(B-Cells and T-Cells)

For cellular and humoral immune response

A

Lymphocytes

66
Q

Potent phagocytic cells that ingest dead cells,
bacteria, debris, and other defective RBCs

A

Monocytes

67
Q

During inflammation, interleukin 6 (IL-6) stimulates TPO
(thrombopoietin) which in turn stimulates thrombopoiesis or
production of platelet in the bone marrow what part of the blood

A

THROMBOCYTES

68
Q

Platelets have a lifespan of _______days

A

8-11 days

69
Q

arrest of bleeding is called

A

Hemostasis

70
Q

5 phases of normal clotting mechanism

Clue: VPCCC

A

Vascular Phase (1)
Platelet Phase (2)
Coagulation Phase (3)
Clot Retraction (4)
Clot Destruction (5)

71
Q

goal is platelet aggregation and platelet plug

includes the Vascular & Platelet Phase

A

Primary Hemostasis

72
Q

includes step 3 (Coagulation Phase)

involves 2
pathways – extrinsic and intrinsic

A

Secondary Hemostasis

73
Q

Clot Retraction &
Destruction

A

Ending the process of hemostasis

74
Q

consists of lymph fluid, lymphatic capillaries, ducts, and lymph nodes

Carries fluid from the interstitial spaces to the blood

A

LYMPH SYSTEM

75
Q

pale yellow interstitial fluid that has diffused through lymphatic capillary walls

A

Lymph fluid

76
Q

small clumps of lymphatic tissue which filters pathogens and foreign particles

A

Lymph nodes

77
Q

Largest lymphoid organ on the upper left quadrant

makes RBCs for babies

A

SPLEEN

78
Q

spleen can also influence the ability of your body to make RBCs

access of filter to to remove damaged RBCs and
filter out bacteri

A
79
Q

Hematopoietic- spleen can also influence the ability of your body to make RBCs

Filtration- access of filter to to remove damaged RBCs and filter out bacteria

Immunologic- lymphocytes and monocytes in case of invasive pathogen

Storage- store RBC and platelets

A

Functions of lymphatic system

80
Q

Metabolic, secretory, vascular and storage functions

Makes all the procoagulants that are essential to hemostasis

is the one making the clotting factors

Secretes bilirubin and bile

Stores iron that exceeds tissue needs

A

LIVER

81
Q

Composed of special tissue macrophages

Monocytes stay in the circulation (24h) then enter the tissues where
they continue to differentiate into macrophages which survives for months

They defend using phagocytosis from pathogens, remove damaged cells, stimulate the inflammatory process

A

RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM

NCM 112- MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING (3 decks)

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