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NCM 112- MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING > Cardiovascular & Peripheral Vascular Disorders > Flashcards

Cardiovascular & Peripheral Vascular Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Unoxygenated Blood comes from the

A

Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, and Coronary Sinus

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2
Q

Right Atrium then what valve

A

Tricuspid Valve

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3
Q

responsible for Ventricular Filling, Preload

A

Right Ventricle

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4
Q

Pulmonary Artery then to the

A

Lungs for pulmonary circulation

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5
Q

Oxygenated Blood comes from the

A

Pulmonary Vein

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6
Q

what part of the heart follows the Pulmonary Vein

A

Left Atrium

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7
Q

what valve follows after the left atrium

A

Mitral Valve

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8
Q

responsible for Ventricular Filling, Afterload, Cardiac Output

A

Left Ventricle

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9
Q

what valve follows after the left ventricle

A

aortic valve

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10
Q

what carries oxygenated blood for systemic circulation throughout the body

A

Ascending Aorta, Descending Aorta, and Coronary Artery

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11
Q

AKA elevated blood pressure

A

Hypertension

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12
Q

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure of hypertension in the general population

A

greater than 140/90 mmHg

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13
Q

Most common form of hypertension, exact cause is unknown.
Some causes - aging, family history, smoking, high fat diet,
salty foods, caffeine, stress, DM, sedentary lifestyle

A

Primary hypertension

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14
Q

Caused by underlying disease

A

Secondary hypertension

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15
Q

Signs of hypertension

A

High blood pressure (>140/90 mmHg), Headache, Neck pain, Nuchal headache, Epistaxis, Dizziness, Vagueness, discomfort, fatigue

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16
Q

<120 AND <80 mmHg bp is what type

A

Normal BP

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17
Q

120 AND <80 mmHg

A

Elevated BP

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18
Q

130 over 80 mmHg

A

Mild (Stage 1)

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19
Q

140 over 90 mmHg

A

Moderate (Stage 2)

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20
Q

150 over 100 mmHg

A

Severe (Stage 3)

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21
Q

> 180 and >120 mmHg

A

Hypertensive Crisis

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22
Q

> 180 over >120 Without Target-organ Damage

A

Urgency

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23
Q

> 180 over >120 With Target-organ Damage

A

Emergency

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24
Q

Retinal hemorrhage, Cotton-wool spots, Papilledema, Spots, Blurred vision

A

Severe Hypertension Signs

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25
Q

Complications of severe hypertension

A

Coronary diseases, heart failure, renal failure, stroke

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26
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

Clonidine

A

ALPHA-blockers

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27
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

Metoprolol

A

BETA-blocker

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28
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

-OLOL

A

BETA-blocker

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29
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

-DIPINE

A

CALCI-block

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30
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

-PRIL

A

ACE

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31
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

Captopril

A

ACE

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31
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

-SARTAN

A

ARBS

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32
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

Prazosin

A

ALPHA-blockers

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33
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

Atenolol

A

BETA-blocker

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34
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

Nifedipine

A

CALCI-block

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35
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

Enalapril

A

ACE

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36
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

Valsartan

A

ARBS

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37
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

Losartan

A

ARBS

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38
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

Methyldopa

A

ALPHA-blockers

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39
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

Doxa

A

ALPHA-blockers

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40
Q

Rest ques

A

Rest ques

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41
Q

Regular BP monitoring is needed for hypertension px

A

true

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42
Q

Dietary approaches to stop hypertension what is it called

A

DASH DIET

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43
Q

DASH Diet includes what

A

Grains and grain products
Fruits and vegetables
Low fat or nonfat dairy
Lean meats, fish, and poultry
Nuts, seeds, and legumes
Fats and sweets

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44
Q

First intervention in hypertension?

A

Give antihypertensive drugs as ordered

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45
Q

Health teachings of hypertension

A

Weight reduction and control
Regular exercise
Alcohol restriction
Smoking cessation
Relaxation techniques (deep-breathing exercises)
Stress reduction

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46
Q

Paroxysm or episodes of pain and pressure in anterior chest caused by insufficient coronary blood flow

A

ANGINA PECTORIS

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47
Q

predictable consistent chest pain during exertion; relieved by rest

A

Stable Angina

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48
Q

pain at rest

A

Prinzmetal or variant

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49
Q

unpredictable, more frequent, unrelieved by rest

A

Unstable or preinfarction

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50
Q

intractable incapacitating; severe chest pain

A

Refractory

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51
Q

Diagnostic Tests for hypertension

A

12 lead ECG
Stress test
Echocardiogram
C-reactive protein

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52
Q

what test is done for the marker for inflammation of vascular endothelium with High homocysteine

A

C-reactive protein

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53
Q

Most common cause of angina pectoris

A

Atherosclerotic

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54
Q

Common first manifestation of angina pectoris

A

Chest pain and discomfort

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55
Q

common presenting symptom for elderly

A

Dyspnea

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56
Q

other causes of angina pectoris

A

○ Smoking
○ Physical exertion
○ Cold exposure
○ Stressful situation
○ Eating heavy meal
○ Excess weight

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57
Q

angina means

pectoris means

A

angina means “pain”

pectoris means “chest”

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58
Q

other Manifestations of angina pectoris

A

○ Retrosternal pain
○ Radiating pain
○ SOB
○ Weakness and numbness of arms
○ Pallor
○ Diaphoresis
○ Undue fatigue
○ Apprehension
○ Dizziness

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59
Q

Complications of angina pectoris

A

○ Myocardial infarction
○ Sudden death

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60
Q

indicated position for patients with angina pectoris
as this promotes increase in myocardial oxygen supply

A

Bed rest, semi-fowlers

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61
Q

anti-anginal drugs

A

Nitroglycerin, ISMN-imdur, ISDN-isordil (isosorbide nitrate)
(mainstay treatment)

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62
Q

antiplatelet drugs

A

aspirin, clopidogrel, heparin

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63
Q

Other NURSING INTERVENTIONS for Angina Pectoris

A

○ Stop all activities (exercise, isometric, stressful situation,
smoking)
○ Low fat diet, high fiber diet, control BP

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64
Q

Also known as Ischemic Heart Disease

A

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)

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65
Q

A broad heart condition characterized by partial and complete
obstruction of blood flow to the heart muscles

A

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)

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66
Q

Usual Cause of CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)

A

Atherosclerosis

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67
Q

local accumulation of lipid, fat deposit, plaques, atheromas, and fibrous tissues along intima layer of artery; inflammatory response to artery wall injury

A

Atherosclerosis

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68
Q

4 Major Risk Factors of CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)

Sm
Hy
Hi
Di
Oth

A

○ Smoking
○ Hypertension
○ High cholesterol
○ Diabetes
○ Others: family history, old age, women, obesity, physical
inactivity

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69
Q

Most common Sign of CAD

A

Chest pain

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70
Q

Other signs and symptoms of CAD

A

○ Murmur
○ Bradycardia
○ Extra heart sound
○ Dyspnea
○ Fatigue
○ Syncope
○ High BP
○ Weak PR
○ Wide PP

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71
Q

NURSING INTERVENTIONS of CAD

A

Decrease cardiac output

Cardiac rehabilitation program

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72
Q

Regular exercise should be

A

30 minutes daily; 3x-5x weekly

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73
Q

COLLABORATIVE INTERVENTIONS

Monitor VS such as:

A

○ BP
○ PR
○ Triglyceride
○ HDL
○ LDL
○ Total lipid profile

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74
Q

Surgeries for CAD

A

Prepare patient for Angioplasty, Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

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75
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

Simvastatin

A

Antilipemics

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76
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

Nitroglycerin

A

Antiangina

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77
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

Fenofibrate

A

Niacin, Fibric Acid

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78
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

Cholestyraminase

A

Bile acid sequestrants

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79
Q

Identify what pharmacologic class:

Beta-blocker, Calcium channel blocker

A

Antihypertensive

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80
Q

Causes inflammation of the endocardium (inner layer)

A

RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS

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81
Q

Diagnosis for RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS

A

○ (+) Throat culture
○ High ESR/WBC
○ Antistreptolysin titer

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82
Q

Causes of RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS

U
M
O

A

○ URTI and pharyngitis (most common cause)
○ Malnutrition
○ Overcrowding

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83
Q

most common cause of RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS

A

URTI and pharyngitis

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84
Q

one Complication of RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS

A

Valvular heart diseases

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85
Q

first sign of RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS

A

Sore throat

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86
Q

most common sign of RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS

A

polyarthritis

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87
Q

Most important sign of RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS

A

Carditis (murmur, muffled heart, cardiomegaly)

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88
Q

Others signs of RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS

A

erythema marginatum, high fever, rhinitis, precordial pain

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89
Q

NURSING INTERVENTIONS for RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS

Acute Pain

○ S
○ P
○ C

A

○ Strict bed rest
○ Proper joint alignment
○ Comfort measures: hot compress, fowlers

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90
Q

Drug for RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS that is NSAIDS

NSAIDS- mild to moderate

A

Ibuprofen

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91
Q

Drug for RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS that is corticosteroids

Corticosteroid- severe

A

prednisone

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92
Q

NURSING INTERVENTIONS for RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS

Risk for infection

○ Treat S
○ Increase O
○ Proper H
○ R

A

○ Treat sore throat
○ Increase OFI
○ Proper hygiene
○ Rest

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93
Q

Prophylactic antibiotics, (invasive procedure) for RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS. It is the antibiotics of choice

Starts with the letter P

A

Penicillin

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94
Q

Inflammation of the endocardium (inner layer) is called

A

INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

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95
Q

Caused by bacteria, viral and fungal infections (Streptococcus viridans, staphylococcus aureus)

A

INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

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96
Q

Diagnostics for INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

A

○ Blood culture (definitive)
○ Echocardiography

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97
Q

most valuable tool for INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

A

Echocardiography

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98
Q

Cause of INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

A

○ Infections (systemic, dental and skin)
○ IV therapy, foley, corticosteroid

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99
Q

Clinical signs of INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

A

Febrile syndrome (Fever, chills, vomiting, body weakness, anorexia), petechiae, osler node, janeway lesion, murmur

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100
Q

main sign of INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

A

heart murmur

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101
Q

Complications of INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

A

○ Heart failure (left and right sided)
○ Arterial embolization

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102
Q

major Complication of INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

A

Arterial embolization

103
Q

NURSING INTERVENTIONS of INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

Risk for infection

○ Monitor
○ Increase
○ Hand
○ Perform
○ Paracetamol

A

○ Monitor body temp
○ Increase OFI, rest, adequate nutrition
○ Hand hygiene, oral care, skin care
○ Perform asepsis, avoid crowd/people
○ Paracetamol (for fever)

104
Q

medication of choice for INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

A
P and
A

A

Antibiotic (mainstay tx), penicillin and amphotericin B (if fungal in nature)

105
Q

Inflammation of the myocardium

A

MYOCARDITIS

106
Q

confirmatory diagnosis of MYOCARDITIS

A

CT scan

107
Q

other Diagnostics of MYOCARDITIS

A

○ 2D echo
○ Blood test (increase WBC, ESR and C-reactive protein)

108
Q

most common cause of MYOCARDITIS

A

Infections

109
Q

other Causes of MYOCARDITIS

A

○ Rheumatic fever
○ Immunosuppressive therapy

110
Q

most common Manifestation of MYOCARDITIS

A

Flu like symptoms

111
Q

other Manifestations of MYOCARDITIS

A

○ Murmur
○ Fatigue
○ Dyspnea
○ SOB palpation
○ Positional chest pain
○ Gallop

112
Q

other Complications of MYOCARDITIS

A

○ Cardiomyopathy
○ Heart failure
○ Dysrhythmia
○ Venous Thrombosis
○ Mural thrombi

113
Q

NURSING INTERVENTIONS

● Infection
○ Immunization (what are the 2?)

A

flu, hep B

114
Q

other NURSING INTERVENTIONS MYOCARDITIS

● Infection

○ Check body _________
○ Antibiotic therapy (what drug?)

A

○ Check body temperature
○ Antibiotic therapy (penicillin)

115
Q

NURSING INTERVENTIONS MYOCARDITIS

● Activity intolerance

○ Bed
○ Limit
○ Gradual i

A

○ Bed rest
○ Limit sports
○ Gradual increase in physical activity

116
Q

NURSING INTERVENTIONS MYOCARDITIS

● Impaired circulation

what kind of stockings?

A

Compression stockings

117
Q

NURSING INTERVENTIONS MYOCARDITIS

● Impaired circulation

what kind of exercises?

A

ROM exercises

118
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium (outer layer)

A

PERICARDITIS

119
Q

confirmatory diagnosis of PERICARDITIS

A

CT scan

120
Q

other diagnostic of PERICARDITIS

A

High ESR C-reactive protein

121
Q

Causes of PERICARDITIS

A

○ URTI
○ TB
○ Pneumonia
○ HIV
○ Cancer
○ MI
○ Cardiac procedure
○ RF
○ RA
○ Lupus

122
Q

hallmark sign of PERICARDITIS

Clue: PFR

A

Pericardial friction rub

123
Q

other Clinical signs of PERICARDITIS

A

○ Severe chest pain
○ Pericarditic pain
○ Substernal precordial pain

124
Q

Complications of PERICARDITIS

P
C
R

A

Pericardial effusion
cardiac tamponade
right-sided heart failure

125
Q

“Hardening of the arteries” caused by thickening of muscle
fibers and the endothelial lining of small arterial walls

A

Arteriosclerosis

126
Q

Narrowing (stenosis) of the intima of large and medium-sized
arteries caused by the accumulation of lipids, fatty deposits,
calcium, fibrous tissue, atheromas, and plaques

A

Atherosclerosis

127
Q

strongest risk factor of ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

A

Smoking

128
Q

other Causes of Arteriosclerosis

A

○ Age
○ Gender
○ Family history
○ High-fat diet
○ Hyperlipidemia
○ Hypercholesterolemia
○ Hypertension
○ Diabetes Mellitus
○ Stress
○ Sedentary lifestyle

129
Q

marker of developing CAD; sign of generalized atherosclerosis

Clue: I C

A

Intermittent claudication

130
Q

NURSING INTERVENTIONS of Arteriosclerosis

A

Behavior modification
Elevate feet
control exercise program
moderate walking
isometric exercises
stress management strategies
Warmth temperature
relaxation therapy
Avoid cold exposure
constrictive clothing
cross legs
emotional upset
Stressful situation
prolong sit/ stand
Dietary modification
low-fat diet
low cholesterol diet
vitamin B3 (niacin)

131
Q

highly/strong recommended NURSING INTERVENTION of Arteriosclerosis

A

smoking cessation

132
Q

vascular surgical procedure for arteriosclerosis

A

angioplasty, PTA, stent graft

133
Q

Medication for arteriosclerosis

Bile sequestrant (what drug? C)

Antilipemics (what drug? S)

A

Cholestyramine

Statins

134
Q

Weakness, dilatation, outpouching, damage and distention of the
tunica media (mid layer of the blood vessel) of the artery in
abdomen (AAA) thoracic (TAA) what disease?

A

ANEURYSM

135
Q

standard, most accurate Diagnosis of ANEURYSM

A

CT scan

136
Q

other Diagnostic tests for ANEURYSM

A

○ Chest x-ray
○ Duplex UTZ
○ Cardiac cath
○ Stress test
○ Trans echo

137
Q

most common cause of ANEURYSM

A

Atherosclerosis

138
Q

other Causes of ANEURYSM

A

○ Family history
○ Men
○ Elderly
○ Aging
○ HPN
○ Smoking
○ Alcohol,
○ Obesity
○ Trauma

139
Q

Most important indication of ANEURYSM

It is a visible abdominal pulsating bulge/ mass mid-upper abdomen

It is a periumbilical mass, bruit, feel heart beating in the abdomen, abdominal pain/ throbbing

A

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)

140
Q

What kind of aneurysm has

Constant boring pain (most prominent), pain in supine
position

DOB, SOB, paroxysmal cough, stridor

Hoarseness, aphonia, dysphagia

A

Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm (AA)

141
Q

Complications of an Aneurysm that has a sign of impending rupture

A

severe back/ abdominal pain

142
Q

NURSING INTERVENTIONS for Aneurysm

Avoid:

○ s
○ P
○ H
○ C
○ V
○ S
○ P

A

○ stimulation environment
○ Physical exertion
○ HTN
○ Caffeine
○ Valsalva
○ Straining
○ Palpating mass

143
Q

Urgent surgeries for aneurysm

A

Aneurysmectomy and
Endovascular stent graft

144
Q

drug of choice for aneurysm

A

propanolol

145
Q

NURSING INTERVENTIONS for ANEURYSM

● Ineffective Tissue Perfusion

A

○ Control BP
○ Opioid analgesic
○ Blood products
○ Hydration
○ IV fluids
○ Oxygen
○ Mechanical ventilator
○ ICU/ CCU care

146
Q

propanolol belongs to what pharmacologic class of hypertensive drugs?

A

beta blockers

147
Q

Acute vascular occlusion caused by clot, embolus, thrombus

A

ARTERIAL EMBOLISM, THROMBOSIS

148
Q

causes of ARTERIAL EMBOLISM THROMBOSIS

A

Iatrogenic injury, invasive procedure (IABP, PTA), fracture, trauma, atrial fibrillation, MI, HF, atherosclerosis, plaques, aneurysm

149
Q

Clinical signs of ARTERIAL EMBOLISM THROMBOSIS

6Ps

A

pain
pallor
pulselessness
paresthesia
paralysis
poikilothermia (coldness) below the occluded limb
pale (above limb)

150
Q

Diagnostics of ARTERIAL EMBOLISM THROMBOSIS

A

2D echo
ECG
duplex UTZ
ankle brachial index/ABI

151
Q

NURSING INTERVENTIONS of ARTERIAL EMBOLISM THROMBOSIS

● Impaired Circulation

A

○ Avoid heating and cooling pads (to prevent trauma)
○ Apply sheepskin foot cradle (to protect legs from trauma)
○ Leg movement
○ Embolectomy (procedure of choice), percutaneous thrombectomy
○ Medication - heparin anticoagulant therapy (prevent thrombus) thrombolytic therapy

152
Q

AKA Thromboangitis Obliterans

It is the Inflammation of the arteries and vein of the hands and feet

A

BUERGER’S DISEASE

153
Q

primary cause of BUERGER’S DISEASE

This can can cause vasoconstriction that impairs blood flow of the px (Pack of cigarette)

A

Smoking

154
Q

High blood sugar cause blood viscosity

True or False?

A

true

155
Q

Can DM cause Decrease in blood supply and ischemia?

True or False

A

True

156
Q

first sign of BUERGER’S DISEASE

A

Pain in palm & arch

157
Q

Drug of choice for BUERGER’S DISEASE

A

Propanolol

158
Q

Opioid analgesic for BUERGER’S DISEASE

Clue: M. S

A

morphine sulfate

159
Q

Complications of BUERGER’S DISEASE

If patient is unmanaged: may cause U and G

A

Ulcer and Gangrene

160
Q

NURSING INTERVENTIONS BUERGER’S DISEASE

● Ineffective Tissue Perfusion

A

○ Smoking cessation (mainstay Tx)
○ Beurger-Allen exercises
○ Amputation = surgical removal of feet OR hand
■ BELOW KNEE
■ ABOVE KNEE
○ Articulation
○ Sympathectomy (for vasospasm)

161
Q

known as the surgical removal of toe

A

Articulation

162
Q

Medication for BUERGER’S DISEASE for vasodilation and circulation

A

Nifedipine

163
Q

Intermittent painful/spasm/ construction of arteries in fingers and toes

A

RAYNAUD’S DISEASE

164
Q

involuntary muscular contraction is AKA

A

SPASM

165
Q

RAYNAUD’S DISEASE is common in _____ during what season?

A

Americans; cold weather/ season

166
Q

Main 3 causes of RAYNAUD’S DISEASE

MAIN CAUSE: UNKNOWN

A

○ Cold (water, weather, works in an ice factory etc.)
○ Stress (always gumagalaw yung kamay like dentist)
○ Caffeine

167
Q

Clinical Signs RAYNAUD’S DISEASE

A

○ Pale
○ Pallor (white)
○ Cyanotic blue
○ Cold
○ Redness
○ Tingling
○ Numb
○ Throbbing aching pain finger

168
Q

Diagnostic Tests RAYNAUD’S DISEASE

A

Cold challenge test
hand x-ray
Digital BP
plethysmography

169
Q

NURSING INTERVENTIONS RAYNAUD’S DISEASE

● Ineffective Tissue Perfusion

A

○ Warm water, lukewarm, bath, warm clothes, wear mittens,
woolen gloves, warming device, relaxation stress technique

170
Q

NURSING INTERVENTIONS RAYNAUD’S DISEASE

● Ineffective Tissue Perfusion

AVOID THIS:

A

Colds, coffee, extreme temp, repetitive hand movements

171
Q

first line drug therapy FOR RAYNAUD’S DISEASE

CLUE: -dipine

A

Calcium Channel Blockers

172
Q

Arterial insufficiency of extremities (legs) is called

Clue: PAOD

A

PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE

173
Q

Causes of PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE

A

○ Men
○ Advance age
○ Elderly
○ Family history
○ Smoking
○ DM
○ HPN
○ Hyperlipidemia
○ Obesity
○ Stress
○ Sedentary lifestyles

174
Q

Diagnosis of PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE

A

Doppler, ankle-brachial indices, duplex ultrasound

175
Q

Hallmark Signs of PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE

A

Aching, cramps, fatigue, weakness or intermittent claudication

176
Q

Clinical Signs of PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE

A

Difficulty walking, cold & pale (feet elevated), ruddy & cyanotic (dependent), numbness (affected extremities), bruit

177
Q

NURSING THERAPEUTICS of PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE

● Impaired Circulation

A

○ Feet exercises
○ Leg elevation
○ Exercise program
○ Avoid cross legs & prolong feet dependency (to prevent thrombosis)
○ Elastic compression stockings
○ Adequate hydration
○ Weight reduction
○ Smoking cessation
○ Endarterectomy/vascular graft (treatment of choice)

178
Q

Medications of PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE

This reduces blood viscosity

A

Pentoxifylline

179
Q

Medications of PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE

This is to prevent blood clot

Clue: Antiplatelet

C
A
C

A

Antiplatelet (Cilostazol, Aspirin, Clopidogrel)

180
Q

This disease causes blood clot formation due to virchow triad

A

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS

181
Q

3 components of virchow triad

E
V
H

A

endovascular damage
venous stasis
hypercoagulation

182
Q

hypercoagulation (kulang OR sobra ang tubig)?

A

kulang

183
Q

Venous stasis happens kapag

A

hindi ginagalaw ang px

184
Q

Endovascular damage happens kapag may damage sa

A

intema arterial wall

185
Q

Causes of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS

A

○ Prolong sit
○ Bed Rest
○ Prolonged Standing
■ Sales lady
○ Cross Sit
○ Immobility
○ Prolonged Travel
○ Trip
○ Smoking
○ Surgery (Hip, Knee)
○ Obesity
○ Pregnancy
■ Increasing intra-abdominal pressure due to the increasing fetal growth can cause occlusion
○ Pills
○ Restrictive Clothes

186
Q

Clinical Signs of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS

A

○ Positive homans signs (pain during feet dorsiflexion)
■ Alternative: instruct patient to walk
○ Leg edema
○ Swelling
○ Tenderness
○ Pain
○ hot/warmth
○ Redness
○ Discomfort
○ Monitor Respiratory Rate

187
Q

Positive homans signs means

A

pain during feet dorsiflexion

188
Q

How to manage + homans sign

A

instruct patient to walk

189
Q

most serious Complication of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS

Reports for severe dyspnea and chest pain

Clue: P. E

A

Pulmonary embolism

190
Q

Medical Interventions of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS

○ for blood clot

A

Anticoagulants

191
Q

Medical Interventions of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS

○ report immediately for bleeding

A

Thrombolytic therapy

192
Q

Medical Interventions of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS

○ remove thrombus in veins and the procedure of choice

A

Venous thrombectomy

193
Q

NURSING THERAPEUTICS for DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS

● Impaired Circulation

A

○ Increased Oral fluid intake, hydration, prevent dehydration - to
avoid hypercoagulation
○ turning every 2 hrs
○ Antiembolic elastic compression stockings, leg exercise
■ ROM
■ Wearing of Antiembolic elastic compression legs stockings,
avoid cross legging, avoid standing
○ Avoid prolonged sitting/standing

194
Q

most cost efficient NURSING THERAPEUTICS for DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS

A

Early ambulation/mobilization

195
Q

NURSING THERAPEUTICS for DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS

● Altered Comfort

A

○ Mild analgesic NSAID, ASA (for leg discomfort)
○ Bed rest
○ Warm compress
○ Walking
○ Bed exercises
○ Elevate legs above heart level
○ Ambulation

196
Q

Limb swelling associated with bacterial infection is known as

A

CELLULITIS

197
Q

causes of CELLULITIS

A

○ Leg cracks,fissures, contusions, abrasions, ulcerations
○ Ingrown toenails
○ hangnails

198
Q

Clinical Signs of CELLULITIS

A

○ Swelling
○ Localized redness
○ Pain affected legs
○ Febrile signs (fever, chills, sweating, palpable lymph nodes)

199
Q

NURSING THERAPEUTICS for CELLULITIS

● Infection

A

Antibiotic therapy

200
Q

NURSING THERAPEUTICS for CELLULITIS

● Acute Pain

A

○ Elevate affected legs
○ Apply warm moist pack
○ Analgesics

201
Q

Dilated, weak, incompetent, defective, distending, bulging, protruded, prominent, visible, tortuous veins in legs

A

VARICOSE VEINS

202
Q

Confirmatory Diagnosis for VARICOSE VEINS

A

Duplex ultrasound

203
Q

Causes of VARICOSE VEINS

A

○ Prolong sitting, standing, cross sitting
○ Obesity
○ Pregnancy
○ Cardiovascular Diseases
○ Constrictive cloth
○ High impact exercises
○ Heavy physical activities
○ Thrombophlebitis

204
Q

Most common Clinical Sign of VARICOSE VEINS

A

Heavy ache leg pain

205
Q

Other Clinical Signs of VARICOSE VEINS

A

○ Spider vein (teleangiectasis)
○ Burning pain
○ Paresthesia
○ Leg fullness
○ Pruritus
○ Leg cramps

206
Q

Complications of VARICOSE VEINS

A

○ Deep vein thrombosis
○ SVD (most common)

207
Q

NURSING THERAPEUTICS for VARICOSE VEINS

● Impaired Circulation

A

○ Turning q2h, frequent position change
○ Anti-embolic elastic compression stockings
○ Ankle- flexion-leg exercise, feet elevation
○ Warm compress
○ Prepare patient for surgical ligation (Procedure of choice),
sclerotherapy, radiation ablation

208
Q

DOC for VARICOSE VEINS (for blood clot)

A

Anticoagulants

209
Q

DOC for VARICOSE VEINS (for leg discomfort)

A

ASA (Aspirin)

210
Q

5 components of Atherosclerosis

Looking For Phineas and Ferb

A

lipid
fat deposit
plaques
atheroma
fibrous tissue

211
Q

Rheumatic endocarditis main points

S
P
C
P

A

Sore throat
Pharyngitis
Carditis
Polyarthritis

212
Q

What drug for rheumatic endocarditis causes immunosuppression that is why it should be used with caution

A

Corticosteroids

213
Q

Where do we see staphylococcus aureus? (Infective Endocarditis)

A

Skin

214
Q

4 examples of Cardiac enzymes

A

Serioactive protein
Troponin I
Troponin T
CKMB

215
Q

2 examples of Kidney enzymes

A

BUN
Creatinine

216
Q

4 examples of Liver enzymes

A

SGPT
SGOT
ALT
AST

217
Q

AKA blood clot formation

A

Thrombus/ Thrombi

218
Q

Myocarditis can lead to _________ formation

A

Thrombus

219
Q

Localized blood clot formation

A

Thrombus

220
Q

A circulating thrombus, dislodged from other body parts (e.g. Legs) then became a travelling blood clot then may cause MI

A

Embolus

221
Q

Myocarditis patients is possible prone to

VT and MT

A

Venous thrombosis and mural thrombi

222
Q

Prevent the formation of DVT in the legs

A

Anti embolic stockings

223
Q

Other nursing interventions to prevent blood clot formation (what bed mattress and position)?

A

Egg crater bed mattress
Change position q2h

224
Q

Antibiotic group of Penicillin

A

Beta- lactam

225
Q

Amoxicillin antibiotics belong to what antibiotic group?

A

Penicillin group

226
Q

What antibiotic class does Co-trimoxazole belong?

A

Sulfonamides

227
Q

Antibiotic class of Ciprofloxacin

A

Fluoroquinolones

228
Q

What immunologic class of drugs do
-cillin belong?

A

Penicillin group of antibacterial drugs

229
Q

What class does -floxacin belong?

A

Fluoroquinolones

230
Q

What class does sulfa- belong?

Ex: sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole), sulfasalazine

A

Sulfonamide antibacterial drugs

231
Q

what class does Ce- belong?

Ex: Cefuroxime, ceftazidime

A

Cephalosphorin group

232
Q

What drug is a 2nd generation cephalosphorin that inhibits cell wall synthesis which is bacteriocidal (antibiotic drugs)?

Clue: This is its mechanism of action

A

Cefuroxime

233
Q

what class of drugs do -mycin belong?

Ex: Clindamycin

A

Aminoglycosides/ macrolide antibiotics

234
Q

All antibiotics has a main/ common side effect of?

A

Allergic reaction (Hypertensitivity)

235
Q

Most common sign of allergic (hypersensitivity) reaction

A

Rashes (maculo-papular)

236
Q

What do you call if a person is allergic to the same medications with the same class?

Ex. Penicillin group

A

Cross-sensitivity reaction

237
Q

Pain, weakness, tenderness in the calf muscle of the legs. Generalized form of atherosclerosis (entire body is with fatry deposits) is called?

A

Intermittent claudication

238
Q

It is called as the middle layer of the blood vessel

A

Tunica media

239
Q

Duplex UTZ is used for

A

Arteries are with fatty deposits/ atheroma deposits

240
Q

Stimulating environment should be avoided for px with aneurysm

T or F

A

True

241
Q

Room for aneurysm patients

A

ICU

Why? Aneurysm px should avoid private room, semi private, near nurses station, or wards

242
Q

Standard treatment for aneurysm

Clue: S

A

Surgery

243
Q

Avoid activities that will stimulate valsalva maneuver for px with aneurysm,

Ex: coughing, pooping, bearing down, palpating the mass

T or F

A

True

Promotes cardiac stimulation

244
Q

Normal pulse rate

A

60-100 bpm

245
Q

Normal blood sugar

A

80 over 120

246
Q

3 blood thinning products

A

Aspirin (antiplatelet), heparin (anticoagulant), thrombolytic

247
Q

This drugs prevents platelet aggregation, thus prevent blood clot formation. Also promotes collateral circulation.

A

Antiplatelet (aspirin)

248
Q

Side effect of antiplatelet (aspirin)

A

Bleeding tendencies, blood thinning episodes

Ex: Nose bleeding, gum bleeding, blood in the vomit, hematuria (blood in urine), bruises, black starry stool (Upper GI bleeding)

249
Q

Will you give anticoagulant therapy to a px with embolism?

Yes or No

A

No. Because it will rupture lalo

250
Q

Why is it hard for a physician to prescribe thrombolytic therapy to Arterial embolism & thrombosis px?

A

Masyado na siyang malala = increased chance of hemorrhage (excess bleeding)

251
Q

Most common side effect of thrombolytic therapy

A

Intracerebral hemorrhage

252
Q

Mainstay treatment of beurger’s disease

A

Smoking cessation

253
Q

Surgical remova of feet or hand

A

Amputation

254
Q

2 types of amputation

AK
BK

A

Above knee
Below knee

255
Q

Colors of fingers (raynaud’s disease)

A

Yellow
Blue
White
Purple
Dark blue

NCM 112- MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING (3 decks)

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