Hematologic Flashcards
What do erythrocytes do?
carry oxygen to tissues
and remove carbon dioxide from them.
What do leukocytes do?
act in inflammatory and
immune response.
What does plasma do?
carries antibodies and nutrients to tissue and remove wastes from tissue.
What do platelets do?
control the clotting of blood.
What are the signs and symptoms associated with hematologic disorders?
- Exertion problems
- Dyspnea
- Chest pain
- Palpitations
- Severe weakness
- Fatigue
- skin and fingernail changes
- Blood in stool
- Emesis (vomiting)
- Severe pain and swelling in joints and muscles
What are the skin and fingernail changes associated with hematologic disorders?
• Pallor of the face, hands, nail beds and lips
• Cyanosis or clubbing of the fingernail
• Wounds or easy bruising or bleeding
in skin, gums, or mucous membranes
Erythrocyte (red blood cells) consist
mainly of …
hemoglobin and a supporting framework
Ratio of red blood cells to white
600:1
Who has more red blood cells, men or women?
Men
Whats anemia?
Too few RBCs
Whats polycythemia?
Too many RBCs
Whats poikilocytosis?
Abnormally shaped RBCs
What’s anisocytosis?
Abnormal variations in size of RBCs
What’s hypochromia?
RBC deficient in hemoglobin
In Physical Therapy practice, anemia-
related disorders occur;
• Iron deficiency associated with chronic
GI blood loss 2° NSAID use
• Chronic disease or inflammatory
disease – RA, and LUPUS
• Neurologic conditions (pernicious anemia)
• Infectious diseases – TB, AIDS
• Cancer ( bone marrow failure)
Which anemia is associated with light, lemon-yellow tinted skin?
Untreated pernicious anemia
Which anemia is associated with white waxy appearing skin?
Severe anemia resulting from acute hemorrhage
Which hematologic disorder is associated with gray-green/ yellow skin color?
Chronic blood loss
Which hematologic disorder is associated with gray tinted skin?
Leukemia
Which hematologic disorder is associated with pale hands or palmar creases?
Anemia
Which anemia is associated with brittle nail beds?
Long standing iron deficiency
Which anemia is associated with concave nail beds?
Long standing iron deficiency anemia
Which hematologic disorder is associated with pale or yellow colored oral mucosa?
Anemia
What is the total RBC count for men? Women?
Men: 4.5-6.2 million/mm^3
Women: 4-5.5 million/mm^3
What is the hematocrit percentage for men? Women?
Men: 42-52%
Women: 36-46%
What is the hemoglobin count for men? Women?
Men: 14-16.5 g/dl
Women: 12-15 g/dl
In polycythemia/ erythrocytosis, what happens to the blood?
• Characterized by increase in the numbers
of RBCs and the concentration of hemoglobin.
• Thickening of the blood, increased clotting
• Increased platelets forming intravascular thrombi
What are the clinical signs and symptoms of polycythemia/ erythrocytosis?
• Insidious onset with vague complaints
• Most common 1st symptoms are fatigue and SOB
• Maybe dx’d by sudden complications of stroke or thrombosis
• ↑ skin coloration and elevated BP
• Gout is a complication of 1°
• Peripheral vascular neuropathy with
numbness, burning and tingling in hands and feet
What are the signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia?
• Series of acute manifestation of symptoms
• Some pts have few symptoms, while
others are affected severely with a
short life span
• CVA’s
• Pain caused by sickle cells is the most common symptom
What are some stressors that can result in a sickle cell anemia crisis?
- Viral or bacterial infection
- Hypoxia
- Dehydration
- Emotional disturbance
- Extreme temperatures
- Fever
- Strenuous physical exertion
The major groups of leukocytes in blood
- Lymphoid cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells)
- Monocytes
- Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
What are the signs and symptoms of leukocytosis?
- Fever
- Symptoms of localized or systemic infection
- Symptoms of inflammation or trauma to tissue
What is the normal platelet count in an adult and child?
150,000 – 400,000/mm³
What defines a critical low platelet count?
Less than 30,000
What constitutes a critical high platelet count?
More than 1,000,000
What is thrombocytosis?
A usually temporary increase in platelet count
What are some ways thrombocytosis may occur?
Severe hemorrhage Surgery Splenectomy Iron deficiency Polycythemia
True or false; thrombocytosis may occur with lymphoma
False; lung cancer
Thrombocytosis may result in a (increase/decrease) clotting 2° to blood viscosity and (increase/decrease) platelet count
Increase in clotting and increase in platelet count
What are some causes of thrombocytopenia?
• Bone marrow failure • Radiation • Aplastic anemia • Leukemia • Metastatic carcinoma • Cytotoxic agents (chemotherapy) • Medications ---Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (including aspirin) ---Methotrexate ---Gold Coumadin/warfarin
Which joints may be affected my hemarthrosis, in order of occurrence?
- Knee
- Elbow
- Ankle
- Hip
- Shoulder
What are the musculoskeletal risks of recurrent hemarthrosis?
Recurrent results in loss of ROM, muscle atrophy, and flexion contractures
What are the signs of symptoms of acute hemarthrosis?
• Aura, tingling, or prickling sensation
• Stiffening into the position of comfort
• Decreased range of motion
• Pain
• Swelling
• Tenderness
• Heat
What are the clinical signs and symptoms of muscle hemorrhage?
- Gradually intensifying pain
- Protective spasm of the muscle
- Limitation of movement at the surrounding joints
- Muscle assumes the position of comfort (usually shortened)
- Loss of sensation
