Helping Relationships Flashcards
Psychoanalytic Therapy: Major Figure
Sigmund Freud
A medical model (biological bases)
Sigmund Freud learned the “talking cure” (his cathartic method) from Jean-Martin Charcot and Josef Breuer. He went on to theorize the personality structure of the id, ego and superego as well as the existence of an unconscious mind which resides under or behing the conscious and preconscious mends.
Goals of psychoanalytic Counselor
1) . Bring the client’s unconscious to the conscious.
2) . Help the client work through repressed conflicts.
3) Help the client reach intellectural awareness.
4) . Help the client restructure his or her basic personality.
Freud’s Structure of personality
1) . ID- is the original system of personality and the primary source of psychic energy and the seat of instincts. It is the seat of the libido and is ruled by the pleasure principle. The id has no sense of time, never matures, and is chaotic.
2) . EGO- functions to contact the real world. It balances between the impulses of the ID and the Superego’s control.
3) . SUPEREGO- Is the moral branch of the personality. It represents the ideal rather than the real and strives for perfection. It represents the traditional values and the ideals of society. It rewards through feelings of pride and self love; it punishes through the feelings of guilt and inferiority. Freud believed that successfully resolving the Oedipus complex gives rise to the superego.
sexual and aggressive impulses are foundational to actions and to personality development
Oedipus Complex- son’s attractions for his mother.
Electra Complex- Daughter’s attraction for her father.
Freud: Role of Anxiety
Anxiety develops as a result of conflict between the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO. When the EGO cannot control the anxiety by rational and direct methods. It relies on ego defenses mechanisms to help cope.
Three kinds of anxiety are the following:
1) Real
2) Neurotic
3) Moral
Techniques Specfic to the psychoanalytic Model
1) INTERPRETATION- helping the client gain INSIGHT into both past and present events.
2) . DREAM ANALYSIS- interpreting the MANIFEST (obvious) and LATENT (hidden) meaning of drams.
3) ANALYSIS of RESISTANCE- helping the client understand the basis for hestiation or stopping progress in therapy.
4) FREE ASSOCIATION- verbalizing whatever comes to mind, even if trivial.
5) ANALYSIS OF TRANSFERENCE- the clients transfer or attributes issues from prior significant authority figures onto the counselor.
Freud authored:
The Interpretation of Dreams, often called, “the bible of psychoanalysis” in 1900.
Freud: Little HANS
Freud used his constructs of the OEDIPAL complex and castration anxiety to explain the fear of a five year old boy named Little Hans.
Little HANS was afraid to go into the streets where he thought a horse might bite hm.
Freud Daniel Schreber
Freud analysis the diary of Daniel Schreber, a mental patient for 9 years, and came to the the conclusion that Schreber’s paranoia grew out of unconscious homosexual feelings.
Ego defense mechanism
DISPLACEMENT
means displacing or directing emotions onto a person/object other than the one that orginally aroused the emotion.
EXAMPLE: an employee, who is continualy ridiculed by her boss, builds up tremendous resentment but verbally attacks family members instead of her boss, who might fire her.
Ego defense mechanism
RATIONALIZATION
is justifying behavior to oneself and to others with well thought-out and socially acceptable but fictitous reasons for certain behaviors. This is not just lying; its a matter of habit and intensity.
EXAMPLE: A high school student explains away her failing of an algebra exam by saying “I really don’t see why I have to take this course. I don’t need it to graduate and that teacher just sits there and doesn’t explain anything.
Ego defense mechanism
COMPENSATION
means attempting to overcome the anxiety associated with a feeling of inferiority in one area by concentrating on another where the person can excel. This may be healthy and constructive; it may be avoidance.
EXAMPLE: A woman who cannot bear children becoming overly attached to pets.
Ego defense mechanism
PROJECTION
entails attributing to another person feelings and ideas that are unacceptable so that other person seems to have these feelings and ideas.
EXAMPLE: Feeling like a coward in handling a situation but blaming the outcome on the cowardice of the other person.
Ego defense mechanism
REACTION FORMATION
involves the exaggerating and openly displaying a trait that is the opposite of the tendencies that we do not want to recognize (traits that have been repressed).
EXAMPLE: people who act like they are against watchin porn but really have hidden desires.
Ego defense mechanism
DENIAL
Means of failing or refusing to acknowledge or to recognize and deal with reality because of strong inner needs.
EXAMPLE: Ignoring signs of a heart attack
Ego defense mechanism
REPRESSION
Is an unconcious process of blocking urges, forbidden or dangerous desires, or traumatic experiences from consciousness.
The most basic defense mechanism according to
FREUD.
SUPRESSION is a conscious process.
Ego defense mechanism
Regression
consists of reverting to pattern of feelings, thinking, or behavior appropriate to an earlier stage of development
EXAMPLE: A grown adult acting very childish when sick in an attempt to have those around them provide greater care.
Ego defense mechanism
SUBLIMATION
Is the redirecting of unacceptable impulses into socially and culturally acceptable channels.
EXAMPLE: Ones needs for approval leading to an interest in theatre production.
Ego defense mechanism
INTROJECTION
Is the taking in, absorbing or incoporating into oneself the standards and values of another person.
EXAMPLE: the abused child who becomes the abusive parent.
Catharsis/ Abreaction
Purging of emotions and feelings by giving them expressions.
Adlerian therapy or Individual Psychology
Alfred Adler
Rudolf Dreikurs- was a student of Adler who eventually brought the child guidance center concept to the US.
Donald Dinkmeyer
Goals of adlerian Treatment
1) to help the client develop a health self-esteem and lifestyle through reeducation and restructuring
2) to question and challenge clients’ perceptions of self and life beliefs and goals
3) to help the client cultivate healthy social interests
4) to provide encouragement toward meaningful goals.
adlerian techniques
1) Collecting life history information
2) interpretation
3) confrontation
4) encouragement
5) asking “the question”
6) “spitting in the client’s soup”- the counselor states the real purpose of a behavior; the client may then continue the behavior but only with the awareness of the true motivation.
7) task setting
8) “catching oneself”- the client learns to recognize self-destructive behavior and to stop it.
9) acting “as if”- behaving as if the problem is solved or the goal is achieved.
10) paradox- acting in an exaggerated way regarding a feared behavior or event; Alder was on the first to rely on paradox as a technique.
Carl Jung
Analytical psychology
Made up of archetypes
AMINA and ANIMUS
Humans have both feminine and mascline characteristics. Jung believed that society encourages ment ot deny their feminine side and women to deny their masculine side.
Jung
Logos and eros principle
Men operate on the logic or logos principle
Woman operate on intuition or the eros principle
Jung
Persona
Public self
Jung
Shadow
Repressed self
Jung
Extroversion and intorversion
Polarities within humans
Introversion- is a turning in towards oneself as the main source of pleasure
Extroversion- seeks pleasure and satisfication in others.
Jung
The Bipolar personality types used:
in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are assoicated with the work of Jung.
Erikson’s eight life stages
Psychosocial
Infancy: Trust vs Mistrust (Hope)
Toddler: Autonomy vs Shame (will power)
Preschool: Initiative vs Guilt (Purpose)
Elementary: Industry vs Inferiority (Competence)
Adolescence: Identity vs Role Confusion (fidelity)
Young/Early adult: Intimacy vs Isolation (love)
- Sharing one’s life with other VS I’m the only one I can depend on.
Middle adult: Generativity vs Stagnation (care)
- The productive ability to create a career, family, leisure time, etc VS self- absorption
Later adult ego: Integrity vs despair (wisdom)
Life has been worthwhile VS life’s precious opportunities have been wasted.
Harry Stack Sullivan
Modes of experiences involved in ego formation
Protaxic: Infancy; infant has no concept of time and place.
Parataxic: Early childhood; the child accepts what is without questioning or evaluating and reacts on an unrealistic basis.
Syntaxic: Later childhood; the child is able to evaluate his/her own thoughts and feelings against those of others and learns about relationship patterns in society.
Existential/Humanistic Therapy:
Being in the world
refers to the unique way the client experiences self and the world and gives directions to life. This being in the world is accepted as real, meaningful, and legitimate.
Unwelt- refers to the behaviors of grounded in the PHYSICAL: human biology (sleeping, eating, excreting, copulating)
Mitwelt: refers to the interpersonal RELATIONSHIPS in which there is sharing or encounter, which seeks to prevent or to alleviate feelings of loneliness or aloneness and to enrich life.
Eigenwelt: refers to behaviors of self awareness, self evaluation, and SELF IDENTITY, which attempt to make one’s life meaningful
Figures of Existential/ Humanistic therapy
Abraham Maslow
Rollo May
Victor Frankl
Existential/ Humanistic therapy
Victor Frankl
is the founder of LOGOTHERAPY which can be defined as meaning-centered psychotherapy.
Frankl believed that there are three ways to discover meanining in one’s life:
By doing a deed
By experiencing a value
By suffering
Frankl wrote Man’s Search for Meaning
Existential/ Humanistic therapy
Martin Buber
Coined the term “I-thou” meaning a horizontal equal relationship with others.
Person centered therapy
Carl Rogers
Three core conditions of the therapist:
1) congruence ( genuineness)- ther counselor is aware of and accurately expresses his or her own feelings; is authentic and genuine.
2) unconditional positive regard; the counselor accepts the client without judgement.
3) accurate empathy- the counselor truly understands the thoughts and feelings of the client.
This is a nondirective approach emphasizes REFLECTION OF EMOTIONAL CONTENT and NON JUDGEMENTAL.
Person centered counselors would use any of the following:
1) reflection
2) active listening
3) confrontation
4) open ended questions
5) summarization
6) clarification
7) support
8) reassurance
Gestalt Therapy
Fritz Pearl
Five layers of neuroses:
1) Phony layer- not authentic, playing games, playing roles, following sterotypes.
2) Phobic layer- emotional pain resulting from denying parts of self is avoided; self acceptance is resisted; fear of rejection
3) Impasse layer- feeling stuck and not trusting inner resources; sense of deadness
4) Implosive layer- the deadness is fuly experienced, defenses are exposed, and contact with the genuine self is begun.
5) Explosive layer- pretenses and phony roles are abandoned, the energy previously required to maintain the pretenses is not free to be redirected.
Gestalt therapy: techniques
- Confrontation
- The “empty Chair”- addressing a part of the personality as if it were sitting there in a chair; UNDERDOG (weak, powerless, passive, full of excuses), TOPDOG (authoritarian shoulds and oughts) or masculine versus feminine traits.
- Exaggeration
- Reliving
- “Making the rounds” a group of exercises in which the client repeats the same words to each member adding a personalized phrase.
- role playing (introduced by Moreno)
- stay with the feeling
- Rehearsal exercises
- dream work
- “I statements”- instructing the client to take personal responsibility for a thought or feeeling by making an “I feel “ statement.
- “How” and “what” questions
- Interpretation by the client
