Helping relationships Flashcards
counseling determining factor
relationship
4 key elements for the counseling relationship
human relations core (Carl rogers)
social influence core (Stanley strong)
skills core (Allen Ivey)
theory core
Psychoanalytic
Sigmund Freud
Identified a structure of personality
(ID, ego, superego)
Neo-Freudians
Moved away from Freud
placed more emphasis on the ego
psychodynamic and sociodynamic
Neo-Freudians
Karen Horney
Erich Fromm
Harry Stack Sullivan
Otto Rank
Wilheim Reich
Theodore Reik
Object relations theory
based on psychoanalytic concepts
interpersonal relationships as represented intrapsychically (what happens with your psyche)
4 broad stages of development
secure base for later development
fusion with mother (first 3-4 weeks of life)
symbiosis (3rd-8th month)
separation/individuation (starts 4th-5th month)
constancy of self and object (by 36th month)
***issues attachment, borderline, and narc disorders
4 broad stages of development
Margaret Mahler
Heinz Kohut
Otto Kernberg
Person-Centered
(client-centered)
against the directive psychoanalytic approach
no advice, teaching, interpreting
Rogerian
on a person’s phenomenological world
clarifying the client’s verbal and nonverbal communication
process of becoming
move clients to self-actualization
relationship between client and therapist
Rogerian therapist shows
unconditional positive regard
genuineness
empathic understanding
Gestalt
existential and experiential
here and now
holistic systems theory viewpoint
Gestalt goal
the goal is becoming whole beings, completing gestalts
Gestalt key concepts
personal responsibility
unfinished business
awareness of now
stay with the feelings
relive experiences
**role-playing, 2 chair
** Interpretation is done by the client, not a therapist
individual psychology
Alfred Adler
Rudolph Dreikurs
individual psychology
the uniqueness of each individual is influenced by social factors
each person has a sense of inferiority and strives superiority
we choose a lifestyle and a unified life plan
individual psychology goals
help the client understand the lifestyle and identify appropriate social and community interests
explain clients themselves
help overcome inferiority
individual psychology technique
leading to insight such as life histories, homeowk, and paradoxical intentions
transactional analysis
Eric Berne
Eric Berne
three ego states;
parent
adult
child
Eric Berne
Life script develops in childhood and influences a person’s behavior
Eric Berne
complementary transactions (adult to adult)
crossed transactions (adult to child and child to parent)
Eric Berne goal of therapy
teach the client the language and ideas of transactional analysis in order to recognize ego state functioning and analyze one’s transactions
Eric Berne techniques
teaching concepts, helping diagnose, interpretation, and use of contracts and confrontation
Existential
Rollo May
Victor Frankl
Irvin Yalom
Soren Kierkegaard
Paul Tillich
Martin Heidegger
Jean Paul Satre
basis of existential
phenomenology
(study of our direct experiences taken at their face value)
existential
-we have freedom of choice and are responsible for our fate
-search for meaning and struggle with being alone and unconnected from others
-anxiety and guilt are central concepts: anxiety is the threat of non-being and guilt occurs because we fail to fulfill our potential
goal of existential
understanding of one’s being, one’s awareness of who one is and who one is becoming
awareness of freedom
who the person is becoming
choosing responsibility
existential
authentic relationship
logotherapy???
motivation to find meaning in their life
freedom to choose what they do, think, feel
responsibility comes with freedom of choice
Cognitive and behavioral counseling
Joseph Wolpe
Donald Meichenbaum
Aaron Beck
Albert Bandura
Albert Ellis (rational emotive behavior therapy)
Arnold Lazarus (multimodal therapy)
Cognitive and behavioral counseling basis
stimulus-response
stimulus organism response
the belief is behavior is learned and can be unlearned and relearned
Cognitive and behavioral counseling goals
identify antecedents of behavior and the nature of the reinforcements maintaining that behavior
counselor helps create learning conditions and may engage in direct intervention
*goal is behaviorally stated
Cognitive and behavioral counseling techniques
operant and classical conditioning
social modeling
problem-solving
direct training
reinforcement
decision making
*strong and personal realtionship
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
Marsha Linehan
developed for borderline PD
*long term
*learning practicing and acquiring skills
DBT basic principle
CBT + helping clients increase emotional and cognitive regulation by learning the triggers that lead to undesired behaviors
2 sides of situation
recognizing resistance to change
DBT basic principle
CBT + helping clients increase emotional and cognitive regulation by learning the triggers that lead to undesired behaviors
2 sides of situation
recognizing resistance to change
DBT 4 modules
Mindfulness
Distress tolerance
Interpersonal effectiveness
emotion regulation
DBT tools
diary cards
chain analysis
dynamic of the milieu or culture
*** therapist must be trained
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
Albert Ellis
*self-talk is the source of emotional disturbance
Rational emotive behavior therapy
not the events we experienced that influence us, it is our interpretation of those events
In childhood, we learn irrational beliefs and re-indoctrinate ourselves on a conditioning basis. This leads to inappropriate affect and behavior
Rational emotive behavior therapy concepts
belief system
self-talk
crooked thinking
Rational emotive behavior therapy system
A-B-C-D-E
A= external event (activity/action)
B= belief - in form of self-verbalization
C= consequent affect - rational or irrational
D= disputing of irrational belief (it caused the affect/behavior)
E= Effect (cognitive) - change in self verbalization
Rational emotive behavior therapy system techniques
role playing
imagery
Rational emotive behavior therapy system techniques
role playing
imagery
Multimodal Therapy
Arnold Lazarus
counselor consequences working with trauma clients:
compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress, vicarious trauma
compassion fatigue:
loss of empathy or interest in clients
secondary traumatic stress:
counselor has client symptoms
true or false: vicarious trauma can change in the counselor‘s
worldview, sense of self and belief
true
Neurolinguistic programming (BANDLER and GRINDER):
communication theory using the five sensory channels
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing - EMDR:
eases accessing of memories of painful and traumatic experiences and reprocessing these experiences through eye movements similar to those found in REM sleep
cycles
Teenage drinking is associated with:
suicide, early sexual activity, date rape, and automobile accidents.
How many out of the 19 million Americans suffering from substance abuse is alcohol related:
14 million. It’s the number one problem in the US
which two states in 2012 approved recreational weed use?
Colorado and Washington
What is SASSI?
Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory; assess signs of addiction.
Kinesics
communication through body
movements i.e. gestures and facial expressions.
Person-Centered:
- open dialogue/breaking down cultural barriers
- nondirect approach/ unstructured
Existential:
- helps find meaning and harmony in lives
- examines options for change
- good for those having little personal choice/freedom
Psychoanalytical:
- focus on family dynamics
- therapist formality
- long-term restructuring of personality
Gestalt:
- many techniques for emotionally repressed clients
- nonverbals may be easier
- high stress on feelings may not suit multicultural clients
Behavior:
- client and counselor work towards goals
- learn practical skills and self-management
- help clients put new behaviors in cultural lens
Cognitive-Behavior:
- helps multicultural clients examine cultural conflict and teach new behaviors
- thinking over feeling
- active/direct approach
- respects clients world
Reality:
- explores good in current situation
- works well in multicultural places
Feminist:
- multicultural clients
- themes: oppression, privilege, social change
- may be biased of white- middle class women’s values
Adlerian:
- ‘person-in-environment‘
- diverse cultures
- collectivism, family, social interest and belonging
multimodel therapy:
comprehensive
holistic approach
sometimes classified as eclectic
strong behavioral ties
multimodel therapy:
total human functioning
7 modalities called BASIC ID
B= behaviors (act, habit, reaction)
A= affective response (emotions and moods)
S= sensations (five senses)
I= images (how we see self, dreams, memory)
C= cognitions (insights, philosophies, ideas)
I= interpersonal relationships (interactions w people)
D= drugs (nutrition)
BASIC ID= total human functioning
multimodel therapy counseling techniques
anxiety management training
modeling
positive imagery
relaxation training
assertiveness training
biofeedback
hypnosis
bibliotherapy
thought stopping
Reality therapy
William Glasser
(~glass=reality)
Reality therapy
-based on choice theory
-individuals determine their own fate
-in charge of their lives
-perceptions control our behavior
-we behave to fill our needs
-5 genetically basic needs: survival, love, belonging, power of achievement, freedom, independence, fun
***taking responsibility is the key concept
Reality therapy characteristics
-emphasize choice and responsibility
-reject transference -being yourself as therapist
-keep the therapy in the present (the past is not critical)
-avoid focusing on symptoms (focus on how to meet needs)
-challenge traditional views of mental illness (take more solution-focused approach)
