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Infectious diseases > helminths > Flashcards

helminths Flashcards

1
Q

Helminthes are divided to

A
  1. Nematodes (roundworms)
  2. Cestodes (tapeworms)
  3. Trematodes (flukes)
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2
Q

Antihelmintihic therapy - drugs

A
  1. Menbendazole
  2. Pyrantel paomate
  3. Ivermectin
  4. Diethylacarbamazine
  5. Praziquantel
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3
Q

Nematodes (roundworms) bugs and divisions

A

intestinal:

  • Enterobius vermcularis (pinworm)
  • Ascaris Lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
  • strongyloides stercoralis
  • Ancylostomas duodenale (hookworm)
  • Necator americans (hookworm)
  • Trichinella spiralis
    tissue:
  • ochocerca vovlulus
  • loa loa
  • wucheria bancrofti
  • Toxocara canis
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4
Q

Enterobius vermcularis is AKA / transmission / disease / treatment / diagnosis

A

pinworm / fecal oral / intestinal infection causing anal pruritus / bendazoles / seeing egg via the tape test

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5
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides is AKA / transmission / disease / treatment / diagnosis

A

giant roundworm / fecal oral / intestinal infection with possible obstruction at ileocecal valve / bendazoles / egg visible in feces under microscope

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6
Q

Strogyloides stercoralis - transmission / disease / treatment

A
  • Larvae in soil penetrate the skin
  • intestinal infection causing vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain (may feel like peptic ulcer)
  • treatment: bendazoles or ivemectin
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7
Q

Ancylostomas duodenale and Necator americans (hookworms) - transmission

A

larvae penetrate skin

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8
Q

Ancylostomas duodenale and Necator americans (hookworms) - disease

A

intestinal infection causing microcytic anemia by sucking blood from intestinal walls
Cutaneous lavra migrans

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9
Q

Cutaneous lavra migrans?

A

caused by Hookworms: pruritic, serpiginous rash from walking barefoot on contaminated beach

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10
Q

Ancylostomas duodenale and Necator americans (hookworms) - treatment

A

bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

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11
Q

tissue nematodes (roundworms) - bugs

A
  1. onchocerca vovlulus
  2. loa loa
  3. wurcheria bancrofti
  4. toxocara canis
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12
Q

onchocerca vovlulus - transmission and treatment

A

female blackfly bite

ivermectin

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13
Q

onchocerca vovlulus disease

A
  1. hyperpigmented skin
  2. river blindness skin nobules
  3. allergic reaction to microfilaria possible
  4. loss of elastic fibers
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14
Q

Wucheria bancrofti - transmission

A

female mosquito

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15
Q

Wucheria bancrofti - disease and symptoms (and mechanism)

A

ELEPHANTIASIS: worms block lymphatic vessels –> edema (takes 9 months - 1 yr after bite to become symptomatic)

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16
Q

Wucheria bancrofti - treatment

A

diethylcarbamazine

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17
Q

loa loa - disease / transmission / treatment

A

swelling in skin, worm in conjunctiva

  1. deer fly
  2. horse fly
  3. mango fly
    - diethylcarbamazine
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18
Q

Toxocara canis - disease and mechanism

A

visceral lavra migrans: nematodes migrate to bood through intestinal wall causing inflammation and damage –> organs frequently affected include the heart (myocarditis) liver and CNS (seizure and coma)

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19
Q

trichinella spiralis - transmission / treatment

A

fecal oral
undercooked meat (eps pork)
- Bendazole

20
Q

trichinella spiralis - disease (mechanism and symptoms)

A

intestinal infection: lavrae enter bloodstream and encyst in striated muscle -> inflammation of muscle
Trichinosis –> fever, vomiting, nausea, periorbital edema, myalgias

21
Q

Nematode routes of infection (and bugs) (generally)

A
  1. ingested –> enterobius, ascaris, toxocara, trichinella
  2. cutaneous –> strongyloide, ancylostoma, necator
  3. Bites –> Loa Loa, onchocerca vovlulus, Wuchereria bancrofti
22
Q

Cestodes (tapeworms) - bugs

A
  1. Taenia solium
  2. Diphyllobothrium latum
  3. Echinococcus granulosus
23
Q

Taenia solium - transmission

A
  1. ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork
  2. ingestion of eggs contaminated with human feces
    - Central + south america, africa, asia
24
Q

Taenia solium - disease

A

if ingestion of eggs –> Cysticercosis, neurocysticercosis

if ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork –> intestinal infection

25
Q

Taenia solium - treatment

A

praziquantel (for intestinal infection and cysticercosis)

albendazole (for neurocysticercosis)

26
Q

cysticercosis - mechanism and presentation

A

cysticerci in skeletal muscle, brain (neurocysticercosis), eye (blindness)

27
Q

neurocysticercosis - presentation and treatment

A 
1. seizures  2. focal neurological deficit 
hydrocephalus 
treatment: 1. seizure/ICH management
2. antiparasaitic: albendazole
3. corticosteroids
28
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum - transmission / treatment

A

ingestion of lavrae from raw freshwater fish

- praziquantel

29
Q

Echinococcus granulosus - transmission / host

A

ingestion of eggs from dog feces

Sheep are an intermediate host

30
Q

Echinococcus granulosus - treatment

A

albendazole
percutaneous therapy (if more than 5 cm or septations)
- if rupture: surgery

31
Q

Cestodes are divided to … (and treatment)

A
  1. Taenia solium –> praziquantel (for intestinal infection and cysticercosis), albendazole (for neurocysticercosis)
  2. Diphyllobothrium latum –> prazuquantel
  3. Echinococcus granulosus –> Albendazole,
    hydatid cysts injected with ethanol or hypertonic saline to kill daughter cysts before removal
32
Q

Trematodes (flukes) - bugs / AKA

A

Flukes:

  1. Schistosoma
  2. Clonorchis sinensis
33
Q

Schistosoma - transmission

A

snail are host

cercarieae penetrate skin of humans

34
Q

Schistosoma - bugs and treatment

A
  1. S. mansoni
  2. S. japonicum
  3. S. haematobium
    praziquantel
35
Q

Schistosoma - disease

A

Liver and spleen enlargement (S. mansoni S. japonicum), fibrosis and inflammation, portal hypertension
chronic infection with S. haematobium –> SCC of the bladder and pulmonary hypertension

36
Q

Clonorchis sinensis - transmission

A

undercooked fish

37
Q

Clonorchis sinensis - disease

A

Biliary tract inflammation –> pigmented gallstones

associated with cholangiocarcinoma

38
Q

Trematodes (flukes) - bugs and treatment

A
  1. Schistosoma
  2. Clonorchis sinensis
    PRAZIQUANTEL
39
Q

Parasites hints - Brain cysts and seizures

A

Taenia solium (neurocysticercosis)

40
Q

Parasites hints - Biliary tract disease

A

chlonarchis siensis

41
Q

Cutaneous Lavra migrans - epidemiology

A
  1. Hookworm Lavrae (dog or cat)
  2. Humans are incidental hosts
  3. Barefoot contact with contaminated sand or soil
42
Q

cutaneous lavra migrans - clinical manifestation

A
  1. 1ry lower extr
  2. cutaneous (deeper is rare)
  3. Erythematus, pruritic papule at site of entry
  4. intensely pruritic migrating, serpiginous, reddish-brown tracks
43
Q

cutaneous lavra migrans - diagnosis / treatment

A
  1. history of clinical findings
  2. eosinophils usually are normal
    treatment: antihelmintic (eg. ivermectin)
44
Q

neurocysticercosis - diagnosis

A

CT/MRI - cysts: hypodense, enchancement/edema or Ca2+

45
Q

hydatid cyst - CT

A

egg shell calcification

46
Q

Mycobact avium - manifestations

A

nonspecific (fever, cough, abd pain, diarrhea, night sweats, weight loss) in the presence of splenomegaly and an elevated alkaline phosphate level

Infectious diseases (13 decks)

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