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8 -InfectiousClinical > Helminthes > Flashcards

Helminthes Flashcards

1
Q

2 phylum of helminths

A

Nemathelminthes
Platyhelminthes

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2
Q

Class of nemathelminths

A

Nematoda ( round worms )

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3
Q

Class of platyhelminthes ( flat worms)

A

Trematoda
Cestoda

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4
Q

Intestinal worms that enter body through the skin

A

Necator americanus- hookworm
Ancylostoma duodenale- hookwork
Strongyloides stercoralis

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5
Q

Intestinal worms that enter body through the oral cavity

A

Ancylostoma duodenale
ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichuria
Enterobius vermicularis

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6
Q

Where do you find mostly ascaris lumbricoides

A

Africa
Asia
Tropical America

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7
Q

ascaris lumbricoides reservoir

A

Human

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8
Q

Transmission ascaris lumbricoides

A

Fecal oral

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9
Q

People more at risk of ascaris lumbricoides

A

Children

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10
Q

Life cycle ascaris lumbricoides

A

Eggs in soil -> become infective through embryo-> swallowed -> become larvae-> liver -> lung -> coughed up -> swallowed -> adult worms in intestines in 60-80daya

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11
Q

Symptoms of ascaris lumbricoides


A

Symptomless
Cough
Mild abdominal pain
Vomiting
Intestinal obstruction
Ascaris pneumonitis
PEM

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12
Q

Areas of the world where hookworms aka ankylostoma duodenale & necator Americanus Are found

A

Tropical areas of Africa, Asia, and South America

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13
Q

Reservoir of ankylostoma duodenale & necator Americanus

A

Humans

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14
Q

Transmission route of ankylostoma duodenale & necator Americanus

A
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15
Q

Lifecycle ankylostoma duodenale & necator Americanus

A

Eggs in soil-> rhabditiform larvae in one to two days-> a larvae becomes infective filariform in 5 to 10 days-> infective and penetrate skin-> goes to lungs-> get swallowed-> form adult worm in the small intestine

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16
Q

Symptoms of hookworms aka ankylostoma duodenale & necator Americanus

A

Iron deficiency anemia (hookworm withdraw blood from small intestine)
Hookworm dermatitis ( usually on the feet )
pneumonitis
Abdominal discomfort

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17
Q

Reservoir of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Humans main host
Dogs
Cats
Mammals

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18
Q

Areas where Strongyloides stercoralis is common

A

Africa
South east Asia
Latin America

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19
Q

Transmission of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Skin

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20
Q

Treatment of hookworm

A

Albendazole

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21
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis life cycle

A

Larvae passed in faeces -> infective filariform larvae in soil -> penetrate human skin -> develop like hookworm -> gets to intestine and become adult worm and hatch eggs

Some larvae in intestine become filariform larvae -> penetrate perianal skin mucosa -> auto-infection and persistent infection

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22
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis clinical features

A

Itchy rash (Penetration of skin by infective larvae)

Abdominal pain, diarrhoea, steatorrhoea, weight loss (Presence of worms in gut)

Urticarial plaques and papules, wheezing, arthralgia

Transient itchy, linear, urticarial weals across abdomen and buttocks due to auto infection.

Diarrhoea, pneumonia, meningoencephalitis, death (Systemic (super-)infection)

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23
Q

Investigations threadworm ( Strongyloides stercoralis)

A

eosinophilia - Serology (ELISA)
faeces microscopic motile larvae; Larvae - jejunal aspirates or string test
Larvae cultured from faeces

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24
Q

Management Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Ivermectin or Albendazole

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25
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) reservoir
Humans
26
Transmission route Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
Fecooral
27
Infection source Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
Clothes Towels etc
28
Life cycle Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
Embryonated egg swallowed by humans -> larvae hatch in small intestines -> adult worm in Cecum -> Gravid female goes to perianal region at night and lay eggs
29
Clinical features Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
Pruritus Ani Might be able to see adults on buttocks or in stools
30
Investigation Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
Tape on perianal skin and microscopy Perianal swab.
31
Management Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
Mebendazole or albendazole
32
Trichuris trichuria (whipworm) transmission
Earth or food contaminated with ova
33
Clinical features Trichuris trichuria (whipworm)
Persistent diarrhea Rectal prolapse Growth retardation
34
Diagnosis Trichuris trichuria (whipworm)
Ova in faeces
35
Treatment Trichuris trichuria (whipworm)
Mebendazole or albendazole
36
Name of tissue dwelling nematode
Filarial worm
37
Filarial worms responsible for lymphatic filariasis
Wuchereria brancofti Brugia malayi
38
Vector of Wuchereria brancofti
Night biting culcine or anopheles mosquitoe
39
Where does adult worm live in Wuchereria brancofti
In the lymphatics
40
Where do female produce microfilariae in large amount inn Wuchereria brancofti
In the blood
41
Where is Wuchereria brancofti Infection high incidence in the world
Tropical Africa North African coast Asia coast Indonesia Nother Australia South Pacific islands West Indies South America
42
Which is less severe, Wuchereria brancofti Or Brugia malayi
Brugia malayi
43
Vector in Brugia malayi infection
Mansonia Anopheles mosquitoes
44
Regions of the world with Brugia malayi high incidence e
Asia
45
Clinical features of Wuchereria brancofti And Brugia malayi
Fever Pain Tenderness Erythema Epididymis common Edema Lymphangitis Overtime -> Elephantiasis which is irreversible
46
Differentials of filarial lymphangitis
Thrombophlebitis Infection Congestive cardiac failure Malignancy Trauma Idiopathic abnormalities
47
Investigation in Wuchereria brancofti And Brugia malayi
In early stages -> Clinical + eosinophilia Serology from night sample Radiography -> calcified filariae PCR ELISA
48
Management of Wuchereria brancofti And Brugia malayi
Diethylcarbamazine DEC Skin care , tight bandages , plastic surgery for chronic lymphatic
49
Areas with high incidence of loiasis
Western and central Africa in forest
50
Vector of loaloa
Chrypsops a forest dwelling day biting fly
51
Clinical features of loiasis.
Often symptomless Calabar swelling - irritating tense localized swelling may be painful Can see worm under skin or in eye
52
Investigation in loaloa
Microfilariae in blood taken during day Eosinophilia X-ray with calcified worm
53
Management of loaloa
DEC
54
Filarial responsible for river blindness
Onchocerca volvulus
55
Vector in Onchocerca volvulus
Simulium Flies day biting
56
Areas with high incidence of Onchocerca volvulus
Sub Saharan Africa Yen,n Central and South America
57
Where can Onchocerca volvulus stay in body for many years
Subcutaneous and connective tissues
58
=clinical features Onchocerca volvulus
Symptomless for months or years Transient edema followed by popular urticaria Nodules Eye dx -> itching, lacrimation, conjunctival injection with conjunctivitis, sclerosing keratiti, uveitis, glaucoma, cataract
59
Investigation of Onchocerca volvulus
Characteristics Nodules on skin or eyes Eosinophilia Slit lamp exam in eye to see worm Antibodies
60
Onchocerca volvulus treatment
Ivermectin
61
Trahissions route of guinea worm
Human ingest crustacean cyclops
62
Guinea worm areas of incidence
Sub sahara
63
Schstosomiasis main organisms
Schistosoma haematobium S. mansoni S. japonicum S. mekongi S. intercalatum
64
Life cycle of schistosoma
Ovum in urine or Faeces -> miracidium liberated in water -> enters freshwater snail and multiplies-> cercariae liberated in water -> penetrate skin or mucous membranes -> schistosomulae -> pass through lungs -> blood stream - > liver -> portal vein and mature -> migrate to pelvic viscera and deposit ova
65
Clinical features of schistosome
Allergic rxn Pruritus Fever Muscle aches Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly Haematobium -painlesshaematuria , frequent uti , urolithiasis , abd pain in left iliac and radiates tto groin

8 -InfectiousClinical (7 decks)

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