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8 -InfectiousClinical > Helminthes > Flashcards

Helminthes Flashcards

1
Q

2 phylum of helminths

A

Nemathelminthes
Platyhelminthes

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2
Q

Class of nemathelminths

A

Nematoda ( round worms )

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3
Q

Class of platyhelminthes ( flat worms)

A

Trematoda
Cestoda

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4
Q

Intestinal worms that enter body through the skin

A

Necator americanus- hookworm
Ancylostoma duodenale- hookwork
Strongyloides stercoralis

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5
Q

Intestinal worms that enter body through the oral cavity

A

Ancylostoma duodenale
ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichuria
Enterobius vermicularis

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6
Q

Where do you find mostly ascaris lumbricoides

A

Africa
Asia
Tropical America

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7
Q

ascaris lumbricoides reservoir

A

Human

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8
Q

Transmission ascaris lumbricoides

A

Fecal oral

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9
Q

People more at risk of ascaris lumbricoides

A

Children

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10
Q

Life cycle ascaris lumbricoides

A

Eggs in soil -> become infective through embryo-> swallowed -> become larvae-> liver -> lung -> coughed up -> swallowed -> adult worms in intestines in 60-80daya

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11
Q

Symptoms of ascaris lumbricoides


A

Symptomless
Cough
Mild abdominal pain
Vomiting
Intestinal obstruction
Ascaris pneumonitis
PEM

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12
Q

Areas of the world where hookworms aka ankylostoma duodenale & necator Americanus Are found

A

Tropical areas of Africa, Asia, and South America

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13
Q

Reservoir of ankylostoma duodenale & necator Americanus

A

Humans

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14
Q

Transmission route of ankylostoma duodenale & necator Americanus

A
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15
Q

Lifecycle ankylostoma duodenale & necator Americanus

A

Eggs in soil-> rhabditiform larvae in one to two days-> a larvae becomes infective filariform in 5 to 10 days-> infective and penetrate skin-> goes to lungs-> get swallowed-> form adult worm in the small intestine

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16
Q

Symptoms of hookworms aka ankylostoma duodenale & necator Americanus

A

Iron deficiency anemia (hookworm withdraw blood from small intestine)
Hookworm dermatitis ( usually on the feet )
pneumonitis
Abdominal discomfort

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17
Q

Reservoir of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Humans main host
Dogs
Cats
Mammals

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18
Q

Areas where Strongyloides stercoralis is common

A

Africa
South east Asia
Latin America

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19
Q

Transmission of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Skin

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20
Q

Treatment of hookworm

A

Albendazole

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21
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis life cycle

A

Larvae passed in faeces -> infective filariform larvae in soil -> penetrate human skin -> develop like hookworm -> gets to intestine and become adult worm and hatch eggs

Some larvae in intestine become filariform larvae -> penetrate perianal skin mucosa -> auto-infection and persistent infection

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22
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis clinical features

A

Itchy rash (Penetration of skin by infective larvae)

Abdominal pain, diarrhoea, steatorrhoea, weight loss (Presence of worms in gut)

Urticarial plaques and papules, wheezing, arthralgia

Transient itchy, linear, urticarial weals across abdomen and buttocks due to auto infection.

Diarrhoea, pneumonia, meningoencephalitis, death (Systemic (super-)infection)

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23
Q

Investigations threadworm ( Strongyloides stercoralis)

A

eosinophilia - Serology (ELISA)
faeces microscopic motile larvae; Larvae - jejunal aspirates or string test
Larvae cultured from faeces

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24
Q

Management Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Ivermectin or Albendazole

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25
Q

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) reservoir

A

Humans

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26
Q

Transmission route Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

A

Fecooral

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27
Q

Infection source Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

A

Clothes
Towels etc

28
Q

Life cycle Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

A

Embryonated egg swallowed by humans -> larvae hatch in small intestines -> adult worm in Cecum -> Gravid female goes to perianal region at night and lay eggs

29
Q

Clinical features Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

A

Pruritus Ani
Might be able to see adults on buttocks or in stools

30
Q

Investigation Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

A

Tape on perianal skin and microscopy
Perianal swab.

31
Q

Management Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

A

Mebendazole or albendazole

32
Q

Trichuris trichuria (whipworm) transmission

A

Earth or food contaminated with ova

33
Q

Clinical features Trichuris trichuria (whipworm)

A

Persistent diarrhea
Rectal prolapse
Growth retardation

34
Q

Diagnosis Trichuris trichuria (whipworm)

A

Ova in faeces

35
Q

Treatment Trichuris trichuria (whipworm)

A

Mebendazole or albendazole

36
Q

Name of tissue dwelling nematode

A

Filarial worm

37
Q

Filarial worms responsible for lymphatic filariasis

A

Wuchereria brancofti
Brugia malayi

38
Q

Vector of Wuchereria brancofti

A

Night biting culcine or anopheles mosquitoe

39
Q

Where does adult worm live in Wuchereria brancofti

A

In the lymphatics

40
Q

Where do female produce microfilariae in large amount inn Wuchereria brancofti

A

In the blood

41
Q

Where is Wuchereria brancofti
Infection high incidence in the world

A

Tropical Africa
North African coast
Asia coast
Indonesia
Nother Australia
South Pacific islands
West Indies
South America

42
Q

Which is less severe, Wuchereria brancofti Or Brugia malayi

A

Brugia malayi

43
Q

Vector in Brugia malayi infection

A

Mansonia
Anopheles mosquitoes

44
Q

Regions of the world with Brugia malayi high incidence e

45
Q

Clinical features of Wuchereria brancofti And Brugia malayi

A

Fever
Pain
Tenderness
Erythema
Epididymis common
Edema
Lymphangitis
Overtime -> Elephantiasis which is irreversible

46
Q

Differentials of filarial lymphangitis

A

Thrombophlebitis
Infection
Congestive cardiac failure
Malignancy
Trauma
Idiopathic abnormalities

47
Q

Investigation in Wuchereria brancofti And Brugia malayi

A

In early stages -> Clinical + eosinophilia

Serology from night sample

Radiography -> calcified filariae

PCR

ELISA

48
Q

Management of Wuchereria brancofti And Brugia malayi

A

Diethylcarbamazine DEC
Skin care , tight bandages , plastic surgery for chronic lymphatic

49
Q

Areas with high incidence of loiasis

A

Western and central Africa in forest

50
Q

Vector of loaloa

A

Chrypsops a forest dwelling day biting fly

51
Q

Clinical features of loiasis.

A

Often symptomless
Calabar swelling - irritating tense localized swelling may be painful
Can see worm under skin or in eye

52
Q

Investigation in loaloa

A

Microfilariae in blood taken during day
Eosinophilia
X-ray with calcified worm

53
Q

Management of loaloa

54
Q

Filarial responsible for river blindness

A

Onchocerca volvulus

55
Q

Vector in Onchocerca volvulus

A

Simulium Flies day biting

56
Q

Areas with high incidence of Onchocerca volvulus

A

Sub Saharan Africa
Yen,n
Central and South America

57
Q

Where can Onchocerca volvulus stay in body for many years

A

Subcutaneous and connective tissues

58
Q

=clinical features Onchocerca volvulus

A

Symptomless for months or years
Transient edema followed by popular urticaria
Nodules
Eye dx -> itching, lacrimation, conjunctival injection with conjunctivitis, sclerosing keratiti, uveitis, glaucoma, cataract

59
Q

Investigation of Onchocerca volvulus

A

Characteristics Nodules on skin or eyes
Eosinophilia
Slit lamp exam in eye to see worm
Antibodies

60
Q

Onchocerca volvulus treatment

A

Ivermectin

61
Q

Trahissions route of guinea worm

A

Human ingest crustacean cyclops

62
Q

Guinea worm areas of incidence

A

Sub sahara

63
Q

Schstosomiasis main organisms

A

Schistosoma haematobium
S. mansoni
S. japonicum
S. mekongi
S. intercalatum

64
Q

Life cycle of schistosoma

A

Ovum in urine or Faeces -> miracidium liberated in water -> enters freshwater snail and multiplies-> cercariae liberated in water -> penetrate skin or mucous membranes -> schistosomulae -> pass through lungs -> blood stream -
> liver -> portal vein and mature -> migrate to pelvic viscera and deposit ova

65
Q

Clinical features of schistosome

A

Allergic rxn
Pruritus
Fever
Muscle aches
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Haematobium -painlesshaematuria , frequent uti , urolithiasis , abd pain in left iliac and radiates tto groin

8 -InfectiousClinical (7 decks)

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