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Year 2 From Individuals to Society > Heather > Flashcards

Heather Flashcards

1
Q

What are individual differences?

A

Examines how people are similar and how they differ in their thinking, feeling and behaviour

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2
Q

Personality definition

A

A dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person’s characteristic patterns of behaviour, thoughts and feelings

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3
Q

What makes us individual?

A
  • Family
  • Environment
  • Experiences
  • Traits
  • Culture
  • Hereditary
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4
Q

What is Phrenology?

A
  • Franz Gall (1759-1828)

- Bumps on skull inform us about personality and characteristics of an individual as well as mental abilities

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5
Q

What is craniometry?

A

Measuring the bones of the skull to determine intelligence

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6
Q

Craniometry time period

A

Late 19th through early 20th centuries

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7
Q

What is physiognomy?

A

Assessment of personality from outer appearance, especially the face

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8
Q

Physiognomy time period

A

Ancient greeks through middle ages

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9
Q

What is humorism?

A

Good health results when four basic substances, humors, are in balance

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10
Q

Humorism time period

A

Ancient greeks through early 19th century

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11
Q

What is personality type?

A

Refers to the psychologic al classification of different types of people

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12
Q

What is personality trait?

A

Refers to psychological classification of different levels or degrees

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13
Q

What is a Type A personality?

A
  • Ambitious
  • Aggressive
  • Impatient
  • Tightly wound
  • Workaholics
  • Swear a lot
  • More prone to heart disease
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14
Q

What is a Type B personality?

A
  • Easy going
  • Laid back
  • Patient
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15
Q

What is the lexical hypothesis?

Francis Galton

A
  • Important individual differences become encoded as single terms
  • Number of words that refer to each trait = the importance of the trait
  • Therefore, by studying a language, we can develop a taxonomy of personality traits
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16
Q

What are the dark triad of personality?

A
  • Machiavellianism
  • Narcissism
  • Psychopathy
17
Q

What are the five factors of The Big 5

A
  1. Extroversion
  2. Neuroticism
  3. Agreeableness
  4. Conscientiousness
  5. Openness to experience
18
Q

Big 5 Factors: Extroversion

A
  • Gregarious
  • Assertive
  • Warm
  • Positive
  • Active
  • Seeks excitement
19
Q

Big 5 Factors: Neuroticism

A
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Hostility
  • Self-conscious
  • Impulsivity
  • Experiences a sense of vulnerability
  • Unable to accommodate aversive events
20
Q

Big 5 Factors: Agreeableness

A
  • Trust in other individuals
  • Straightforward and honest communication
  • Altruistic and cooperative behaviour
  • Compliance
  • Modesty
  • Humility
  • Tender and sympathetic attitudes
21
Q

Big 5 Factors: Conscientiousness

A
  • Competent
  • Methodical
  • Dutiful
  • Motivated to achieve goals
  • Disciplined
  • Deliberate
  • Considered
22
Q

Big 5 Factors: Openness to experience

A
  • Open to fantasies
  • Aesthetics
  • Feelings.
  • Novel actions, ideas and values
23
Q

What is an implicit personality theory?

A

Refers to a person’s notions about which personality characteristics tend to co-occur in people

24
Q

Who is Hans Jurgen Eysenck

A
  • Eysenck’s biological model of personality and arousal (ARAS)
  • Born in Germany 1916
  • Spent his professional career in Great Britain
  • Work focused on intelligence and personality
25
What is Eysenck's biological model of personality and arousal (ARAS)
- 3 main personality dimensions: PEN - Psychoticism, Neuroticism, and Extraversion - Personality traits are hierarchical with a few basic traits giving rise t a large array of more superficial traits - Genetically determined differences in physiological functioning make some people more vulnerable to behavioural conditioning - Suggests that introverted people have higher levels of physiological arousal which allows them to be conditioned by environmental stimuli more easily
26
What is Eysenck's biological model of personality and arousal (ARAS) cont.
- Individual differences in personality as a result of differences in brain functioning i.e. patterns of arousal - Two sets of neural mechanisms: Excitatory mechanism and Inhibitory mechanism - Balance regulated by Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) Two circuits manage arousal: 1. Reticulo-cortical circuit controls arousal generated by incoming stimuli 2. Reticulo-limbic circuit controls arousal to emotional stimuli - Arousal is the central variable allowing personality too be linked to a number of responses
27
What is included in the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
- Thalamus: manages and relays nerve impulses - Hypothalamus: regulates the body's metabolic processes and the autonomic process - Cortex: responsible for sophisticated neural processing
28
What is Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory (1970, 1981, 1987)
- Biological mechanisms move towards things they desire and away from things they fear Personality is based on the interaction between three basic brain systems: - Behavioural approach system (BAS) - Behavioural inhibition system (BIS) - Fight/Flight/Freeze system (FFFS) - Motivations arise from reward-seeking behaviours
29
What is the behavioural activation system? (BAS)
- Approach behaviour in response to stimuli or incentives - Potential reward encourages approach behaviour - Associated with impulsivity (Corr, 2001) and hope (Gabe et al, 200)
30
What is the behavioural inhibition system? (BIS)
- Avoidance behaviour in response to threats or novel stimuli - Responsive to punishment cues (Gable, Reis and Elliot, 2000)
31
What do BIS and BAS represent?
Goal-directed behaviours
32
What are the neural substrates for BIS
- Prefrontal ventral stream - Anterior cingulate - Amygdala - Medial Hypothalamus - Periaqueductal gray
33
What are the neural substrates for BAS
- Prefrontal dorsal stream - Posterior cingulate - Septo-Hippocampal system - Amygdala
34
What is Cloninger's biological model
- 7 Personality dimensions - 4 temperament domains: Novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence - 3 character domains: self-directedness, cooperativeness, self-transcendence
35
What measurement is used for Cloninger's biological model?
- Temperament and character inventory-revised (TCI-R) - 240 items - 5-point Likert scale

Year 2 From Individuals to Society (3 decks)

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