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Year 2 From Individuals to Society > Heather > Flashcards

Heather Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are individual differences?

A

Examines how people are similar and how they differ in their thinking, feeling and behaviour

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2
Q

Personality definition

A

A dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person’s characteristic patterns of behaviour, thoughts and feelings

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3
Q

What makes us individual?

A
  • Family
  • Environment
  • Experiences
  • Traits
  • Culture
  • Hereditary
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4
Q

What is Phrenology?

A
  • Franz Gall (1759-1828)

- Bumps on skull inform us about personality and characteristics of an individual as well as mental abilities

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5
Q

What is craniometry?

A

Measuring the bones of the skull to determine intelligence

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6
Q

Craniometry time period

A

Late 19th through early 20th centuries

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7
Q

What is physiognomy?

A

Assessment of personality from outer appearance, especially the face

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8
Q

Physiognomy time period

A

Ancient greeks through middle ages

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9
Q

What is humorism?

A

Good health results when four basic substances, humors, are in balance

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10
Q

Humorism time period

A

Ancient greeks through early 19th century

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11
Q

What is personality type?

A

Refers to the psychologic al classification of different types of people

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12
Q

What is personality trait?

A

Refers to psychological classification of different levels or degrees

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13
Q

What is a Type A personality?

A
  • Ambitious
  • Aggressive
  • Impatient
  • Tightly wound
  • Workaholics
  • Swear a lot
  • More prone to heart disease
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14
Q

What is a Type B personality?

A
  • Easy going
  • Laid back
  • Patient
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15
Q

What is the lexical hypothesis?

Francis Galton

A
  • Important individual differences become encoded as single terms
  • Number of words that refer to each trait = the importance of the trait
  • Therefore, by studying a language, we can develop a taxonomy of personality traits
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16
Q

What are the dark triad of personality?

A
  • Machiavellianism
  • Narcissism
  • Psychopathy
17
Q

What are the five factors of The Big 5

A
  1. Extroversion
  2. Neuroticism
  3. Agreeableness
  4. Conscientiousness
  5. Openness to experience
18
Q

Big 5 Factors: Extroversion

A
  • Gregarious
  • Assertive
  • Warm
  • Positive
  • Active
  • Seeks excitement
19
Q

Big 5 Factors: Neuroticism

A
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Hostility
  • Self-conscious
  • Impulsivity
  • Experiences a sense of vulnerability
  • Unable to accommodate aversive events
20
Q

Big 5 Factors: Agreeableness

A
  • Trust in other individuals
  • Straightforward and honest communication
  • Altruistic and cooperative behaviour
  • Compliance
  • Modesty
  • Humility
  • Tender and sympathetic attitudes
21
Q

Big 5 Factors: Conscientiousness

A
  • Competent
  • Methodical
  • Dutiful
  • Motivated to achieve goals
  • Disciplined
  • Deliberate
  • Considered
22
Q

Big 5 Factors: Openness to experience

A
  • Open to fantasies
  • Aesthetics
  • Feelings.
  • Novel actions, ideas and values
23
Q

What is an implicit personality theory?

A

Refers to a person’s notions about which personality characteristics tend to co-occur in people

24
Q

Who is Hans Jurgen Eysenck

A
  • Eysenck’s biological model of personality and arousal (ARAS)
  • Born in Germany 1916
  • Spent his professional career in Great Britain
  • Work focused on intelligence and personality
25
Q

What is Eysenck’s biological model of personality and arousal (ARAS)

A
  • 3 main personality dimensions: PEN
  • Psychoticism, Neuroticism, and Extraversion
  • Personality traits are hierarchical with a few basic traits giving rise t a large array of more superficial traits
  • Genetically determined differences in physiological functioning make some people more vulnerable to behavioural conditioning
  • Suggests that introverted people have higher levels of physiological arousal which allows them to be conditioned by environmental stimuli more easily
26
Q

What is Eysenck’s biological model of personality and arousal (ARAS) cont.

A
  • Individual differences in personality as a result of differences in brain functioning i.e. patterns of arousal
  • Two sets of neural mechanisms: Excitatory mechanism and Inhibitory mechanism
  • Balance regulated by Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)

Two circuits manage arousal:

  1. Reticulo-cortical circuit controls arousal generated by incoming stimuli
  2. Reticulo-limbic circuit controls arousal to emotional stimuli
  • Arousal is the central variable allowing personality too be linked to a number of responses
27
Q

What is included in the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A
  • Thalamus: manages and relays nerve impulses
  • Hypothalamus: regulates the body’s metabolic processes and the autonomic process
  • Cortex: responsible for sophisticated neural processing
28
Q

What is Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory (1970, 1981, 1987)

A
  • Biological mechanisms move towards things they desire and away from things they fear

Personality is based on the interaction between three basic brain systems:

  • Behavioural approach system (BAS)
  • Behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
  • Fight/Flight/Freeze system (FFFS)
  • Motivations arise from reward-seeking behaviours
29
Q

What is the behavioural activation system? (BAS)

A
  • Approach behaviour in response to stimuli or incentives
  • Potential reward encourages approach behaviour
  • Associated with impulsivity (Corr, 2001) and hope (Gabe et al, 200)
30
Q

What is the behavioural inhibition system? (BIS)

A
  • Avoidance behaviour in response to threats or novel stimuli
  • Responsive to punishment cues (Gable, Reis and Elliot, 2000)
31
Q

What do BIS and BAS represent?

A

Goal-directed behaviours

32
Q

What are the neural substrates for BIS

A
  • Prefrontal ventral stream
  • Anterior cingulate
  • Amygdala
  • Medial Hypothalamus
  • Periaqueductal gray
33
Q

What are the neural substrates for BAS

A
  • Prefrontal dorsal stream
  • Posterior cingulate
  • Septo-Hippocampal system
  • Amygdala
34
Q

What is Cloninger’s biological model

A
  • 7 Personality dimensions
  • 4 temperament domains: Novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence
  • 3 character domains: self-directedness, cooperativeness, self-transcendence
35
Q

What measurement is used for Cloninger’s biological model?

A
  • Temperament and character inventory-revised (TCI-R)
  • 240 items
  • 5-point Likert scale

Year 2 From Individuals to Society (3 decks)

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