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Cardiovascular > heart valves and cardiac cycle + pace makers and action potentials > Flashcards

heart valves and cardiac cycle + pace makers and action potentials Flashcards

1
Q

S1 sound is closure of which valves

A

AV valves (Tricuspid and mitral)

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2
Q

S2 sound is closure of

A

aortic and pulmonic valves

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3
Q

S3 occurs when in diastole and why

A

early, from a sudden deceleration of blood flow into left ventricle from the left atrium

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4
Q

S4 late or early in diastole

A

late diastole,
Occurs in ventricular non-compliance

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5
Q

stenosis = late in diastole
regurgitation = early in diastole

both are characterized by

A

stenosis = narrowing/thinning of the valves

regurgitation = valve can not close properly, allowing for blood flow

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6
Q

stroke volume =

A

volume of blood pumped out of the L ventricle during systolic cardiac contraction

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7
Q

3 factors that affect stroke volume

A

contractility, afterload, and preload

increase with contractility and preload

decrease with afterload

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8
Q

Which ions increase contractility (SV)

A

o Catecholamine stimulation via B1 receptor (-> Ca2+ release)
o Intracellular [Ca2+]
o Intracellular [Na+] (due to activity of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger)

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9
Q

Contractility decreases with

A

o Extracellular [Na+] (due to activity of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger)
o B1-blockade
o HF with systolic dysfunction
o Acidosis
o Hypoxemia/hypercapnia

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10
Q

preload depends on which 2 factors

A

venous tone
circulating volume

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11
Q

afterload depends on which 2 things

A

wall tension (more wall tension = more afterload)

hypertension

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12
Q

myocardial oxygen demand depends on: contractility, afterload, and what else (2 more)

A

HR
Ventricular wall tension

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13
Q

cardiac output =

A

= SV + HR

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14
Q

name the phases of the cardiac cell cycle (7)

A
  1. Atrial contraction
    Systole
  2. Isovolumetric contraction
  3. Rapid ventricular ejection
  4. Reduced ventricular ejection
    Diastole
  5. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
  6. Rapid ventricular filling
  7. Reduced ventricular filling
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15
Q

atrial contraction = SA node or AV node firing

A

starts with SA node firing

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16
Q

atrial contraction = which wave on ECG

A

P wave

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17
Q

atrial contraction = contraction of both L and R atria T or F

A

T

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18
Q

Isovolumetric Contraction on the ECG

A

QRS complex

19
Q

Isovolumetric Contraction: ventricle pressure exceed or decrease compared to atria

A

exceed pressure in the atria

20
Q

why is blood volume constant in the ventricles during Isovolumetric Contraction

A

the AV valves and the semilunar valves are closed, so the blood volume within the ventricles stay the same

21
Q

rapid ventricular ejection = semilunar valves open

explain why (pressure in the Ventricle, aorata, and pulmonary artery

A

pressure in the ventricles exceed the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary arteries, so the semilunar valves open

22
Q

sudden ejection of blood from the ventricles also known as what stage of cardiac cycle

A

rapid ventricular ejection

23
Q

Reduced ventricular ejection corresponds with what on ECG

A

T wave

24
Q

how does reduced ventricular ejection differ from RAPID ventricular ejection

A

blood outflow in reduced is not due to contraction BUT inertial energy of the blood

so blood moves out at a slower rate

25
Q

during ventricular diastole does aortic valve or pulmonary valve close first

A

aortic valve closes first

26
Q

ventricular diastole = which wave on ECG

A

END of T wave

27
Q

dicrotic notch is caused by

A

a fall in the aortic pressure, bc Blood starts to flow back from the aorta to the ventricles due to the fall in pressure in the ventricles

28
Q

in Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation which valves are open

A

NONE

ISOvolumetric = valves are always shut

29
Q

in Rapid ventricular filling explain pressure bw atria and ventricles

A

the atrial pressure exceeds the ventricular pressure

30
Q

when (stage of cardiac cycle) would you likely hear S3 sounds

A

Rapid ventricular filling due to volume overload or ventricular dilation

31
Q

explain Reduced ventricular filling

A

Most of the blood in the ventricles comes from passive filling (before the atria contract)

32
Q

what are pacemaker cells

A

cardiac cells that can spontaneously create action potentials

33
Q

SA node a primary or latent pacemaker cell?

A

primary (only primary pacemaker)

34
Q

SA node rate = 60-100bpm

AV node = ?

A

40-60bpm

35
Q

why is it important that the AV node depolarize slower than SA node

A

bc it allows ventricles to contract after filling with blood

36
Q

location of bundle of His

A

through septum bw ventricles - dividing into L and R branches

37
Q

do Purkinje fibers depolarize slowly or rapidly to assure that both ventricles contract at the same time

A

rapidly

38
Q

bundle of His and Purkinje fibers bpm =

A

40-60bpm

39
Q

Action Potential Phases in Pacemaker Cells

(three phases)

A

(phase 4): Slow depolarization

(phase 0) Rapid depolarization

(phase 3) Repolarization

40
Q

explain Slow depolarization

A
  1. (phase 4) Slow depolarization - sodium moves into cell through channels that open in response to hyperpolarization, and slowly depolarizes cell until threshold potential is met
41
Q

explain (phase 0) Rapid depolarization

A

strong inward calcium current, responsible for rapid depolarization

42
Q

explain (phase 3) Repolarization

A

strong potassium current moves out of cell; responsible for repolarization

43
Q

which law: the greater the diastolic filling (preload), the greater the quantity of blood pumped (stroke volume)

A

Frank-Starling Law

more preload= greater stroke volume

Cardiovascular (6 decks)

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