Heart Pathology - Bikman

Question 1

If the right side of the heart fails, where does the blood pool?

Answer 1

Systemically

Question 2

If the left side of the heart fails, where does the blood pool

Answer 2

In the lungs

Question 3

Left Heart Failure

Answer 3

Causes: Mitral valve disease, systemic hypertension, primary heart diseases

Heart changes: LV hypertrophy, LV dilation, LA may be enlarged

Consequences: dyspenia (lung trouble), orthropnea (gurgling in the lungs), mitral regurgitation, enlarged heart

Question 4

Right Heart Failure

Answer 4

Causes: left heart failure, some congenital heart diseases, cor pulmonale

Heart changes: RV hypertrophy, RV dialation, RA may be enlarged

Consequences: peripheral edema, enlarged liver or spleen

Question 5

Atrial Septal Defect

Answer 5

Congenital Heart Disease
L to R
Can cause pulmonary hypertension
Can be fixed surgically

Question 6

Ventricular Septal Defect

Answer 6

Congenital Heart Disease
L to R
Most common
Size and location are important

Question 7

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 7

Congenital Heart Disease
L to R
Blood from the aorta back into the pulmonary circuit

Question 8

Tetraology of Fallot

Answer 8

Congenital Heart Disease
R to L
4 problems- VSD, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, RV hypertrophy
Causes digital clubbing

Question 9

Transposition of great arteries

Answer 9

Congenital Heart Disease
R to L
Recirculation of blood

Question 10

Aortic coarctation

Answer 10

Congenital Heart Disease 
Coarctation
Aorta cinches 
Causes cyanosis and low blood pressure systemically 
Size matters

Question 11

Angina Pectoris

Answer 11

Ischemic Heart Disease

Intermittent Chest Pain

Question 12

Acute MI

Answer 12

Ischemic Heart Disease
Necrosis of myocardium from ischemia
Severe chest pain
High levels of MB and CK

Question 13

What is the difference between subendocaridal and transmural infarction?

Answer 13

Subendocaridal is the inner 1/3 to 1/2 of the heart

Transmural is more than 1/2 the heart

Question 14

Chronic IHD

Answer 14

Ischemic Heart Disease

Accumulation of ischemic insults that results in mechanical failure

Question 15

Sudden cardiac death

Answer 15

Ischemic Heart Disease

Sudden death due to arrthymia and not due to necrosis

Question 16

Aortic Valve Stenosis

Answer 16

AV valve doesnt open completely
BIG SOUND
Force of the ventricles pushing blood though to the aorta

Question 17

Aortic Regurgitation

Answer 17

AV valve doesnt close all the way
Blood rushes back into the ventricle
Diastolic blowing sound

Question 18

Mitral Valve Stenosis

Answer 18

Mitral valve doesnt open completely
Suddle diastolic murmur
Increased left atrial pressure

Question 19

Mitral Regurgitation

Answer 19

Mitral valve doesnt close completely
Small mitral sound (systolic murmur)
Pulmonary hypertension and edema
Hypertrophied left ventricle

Question 20

Rheumatic Valvular Disease

Answer 20

Caused by RA and B-hemolytic strep
Pulmonary valve the least affected
Ascoff bodies in histologic slide
Leads to rheumatic heart disease

Question 21

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Answer 21

Ballooning of mitral valve leaflets

Asymptomatic

Question 22

Infective Endocarditis

Answer 22

Microbial invasion of valves (usually mitral and aortic)
Acute- larger infection that requires surgery; most patients die within 5 weeks
Subacute- long course but most recover

Question 23

What are the three types of cardiomyopathies?

Answer 23

Dialated: ventricles is distended and large
Hypertrophic: ventricle walls are extremely thick
Restrictive: everything is normal, but lack the function of a regular heart

Question 24

Pericarditis

Answer 24

No fluid in the pericardial cavity
Severe chest pain with respiratory movement
Dangers: tamponade and chronic fibrosis

Question 25

Pericardial effusion

Answer 25

Too much fluid in the pericardial cavity

Tamponade- fluid pressure compresses heart

Question 26

True or False: Primary Heart Tumors are common

Answer 26

False; primary heart tumors are uncommon