Heart Pathology - Bikman Flashcards
If the right side of the heart fails, where does the blood pool?
Systemically
If the left side of the heart fails, where does the blood pool
In the lungs
Left Heart Failure
Causes: Mitral valve disease, systemic hypertension, primary heart diseases
Heart changes: LV hypertrophy, LV dilation, LA may be enlarged
Consequences: dyspenia (lung trouble), orthropnea (gurgling in the lungs), mitral regurgitation, enlarged heart
Right Heart Failure
Causes: left heart failure, some congenital heart diseases, cor pulmonale
Heart changes: RV hypertrophy, RV dialation, RA may be enlarged
Consequences: peripheral edema, enlarged liver or spleen
Atrial Septal Defect
Congenital Heart Disease
L to R
Can cause pulmonary hypertension
Can be fixed surgically
Ventricular Septal Defect
Congenital Heart Disease
L to R
Most common
Size and location are important
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Congenital Heart Disease
L to R
Blood from the aorta back into the pulmonary circuit
Tetraology of Fallot
Congenital Heart Disease
R to L
4 problems- VSD, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, RV hypertrophy
Causes digital clubbing
Transposition of great arteries
Congenital Heart Disease
R to L
Recirculation of blood
Aortic coarctation
Congenital Heart Disease Coarctation Aorta cinches Causes cyanosis and low blood pressure systemically Size matters
Angina Pectoris
Ischemic Heart Disease
Intermittent Chest Pain
Acute MI
Ischemic Heart Disease
Necrosis of myocardium from ischemia
Severe chest pain
High levels of MB and CK
What is the difference between subendocaridal and transmural infarction?
Subendocaridal is the inner 1/3 to 1/2 of the heart
Transmural is more than 1/2 the heart
Chronic IHD
Ischemic Heart Disease
Accumulation of ischemic insults that results in mechanical failure
Sudden cardiac death
Ischemic Heart Disease
Sudden death due to arrthymia and not due to necrosis
Aortic Valve Stenosis
AV valve doesnt open completely
BIG SOUND
Force of the ventricles pushing blood though to the aorta
Aortic Regurgitation
AV valve doesnt close all the way
Blood rushes back into the ventricle
Diastolic blowing sound
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Mitral valve doesnt open completely
Suddle diastolic murmur
Increased left atrial pressure
Mitral Regurgitation
Mitral valve doesnt close completely
Small mitral sound (systolic murmur)
Pulmonary hypertension and edema
Hypertrophied left ventricle
Rheumatic Valvular Disease
Caused by RA and B-hemolytic strep
Pulmonary valve the least affected
Ascoff bodies in histologic slide
Leads to rheumatic heart disease
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Ballooning of mitral valve leaflets
Asymptomatic
Infective Endocarditis
Microbial invasion of valves (usually mitral and aortic)
Acute- larger infection that requires surgery; most patients die within 5 weeks
Subacute- long course but most recover
What are the three types of cardiomyopathies?
Dialated: ventricles is distended and large
Hypertrophic: ventricle walls are extremely thick
Restrictive: everything is normal, but lack the function of a regular heart
Pericarditis
No fluid in the pericardial cavity
Severe chest pain with respiratory movement
Dangers: tamponade and chronic fibrosis
Pericardial effusion
Too much fluid in the pericardial cavity
Tamponade- fluid pressure compresses heart
True or False: Primary Heart Tumors are common
False; primary heart tumors are uncommon
