Cardiovascular Embryology - Reynolds

Question 1

Which way do the arteries go with the heart in mind?

Answer 1

Arteries go away from the heart

Question 2

Which way do the veins go with the heart in mind?

Answer 2

Veins go towards the heart

Question 3

What is the average beats per minute?

Answer 3

70 BPM

Question 4

The cardiogenic field is where in comparison to the neural plate and what shape does it make?

Answer 4

It is cranial to the neural plate and creates a horseshoe pattern

Question 5

What kind of folding allows the heart to become one tube?

Answer 5

Lateral folding

Question 6

The caudal part forms which part of the heart during development?

Answer 6

The venous portion

Question 7

The cranial part forms which part of the heart during development?

Answer 7

The arterial portion

Question 8

What occurs during cardiac looping?

Answer 8

The atrial portion moves upward/posterior and the ventricular portion moves downward/anterior

Also creates a twisting motion that offsets the heart to the left

Question 9

What is the main job of ductus venosus?

Answer 9

It modulates the blood in the fetal liver

Question 10

What is the main job of the foramen ovale?

Answer 10

It is a hole in the heart to bypass the pulmonary veins. Goes from right atria to left atria

Question 11

What is the main job of the ductus arteriosus?

Answer 11

Transmits blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta. Becomes a ligament after birth.

Question 12

Name the steps in fetal septum formation

Answer 12

Septum primum forms in a sheet
This creates foramen secundum superiorly and foreamen primum inferiorly
Septum primum moves inferiorly which closes off foramen primum
Septum secundum then forms next to septum primum
The inferior portion of the septum primum grows more superiorly while the superior portion of the septum secundum grows more inferiorly
This closes off foreamen primum that then creates foramen ovale.

Question 13

Histologically, what do cardiac muscles look like?

Answer 13

Intercalated disks
Striated
Branched
1-2 Nuclei

Question 14

What are the junctions in the intercalated discs of the cardiac cells?

Answer 14

Maculae adherens- help with the prevention of the cells pulling apart during contraction
Gap junctions- allow stimuli to be transferred between the cells smoothly

Question 15

Describe the conduction system of the heart

Answer 15

SA node- pacemaker goes to the AV node and Purkinje fibers
AV node- goes to the ventricles and takes a little longer

SA node is more superior in the right atria than the AV node

Question 16

What are the three layers of the heart wall??

Answer 16

Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

Question 17

What is the formula for cardiac output and what are some factors that affect it?

Answer 17

CO = SV x HR

Blood volume reflexes
Autonomic nervous system
Higher centers

Question 18

What are the special conducting cells of the heart?

Answer 18

Purkinje cells

Question 19

What are the three layers of the vessels?

Answer 19

Tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima

Question 20

What are the characteristics of elastic vessels?

Answer 20

Thick tunica adventitia and thick tunica media with lots of elastin

Question 21

What are the characteristics of the muscular vessels?

Answer 21

Thick tunica media with internal/external elastic lamina

Question 22

What are characteristics of arterioles?

Answer 22

Little tunica media

Question 23

Describe continuous capillaries

Answer 23

Have little pores, continuous endothelium

Question 24

Describe fenestrated capillaries

Answer 24

Have pores

Usually in the intestines, kidneys, endocrine system

Question 25

Describe sinusoidal capillaries

Answer 25

Have large pores with greatest permeability

Usually in the liver, lymphoid, endocrine, and heptatic

Question 26

What is the main differences between arteries and veins structurally?

Answer 26

Veins do not have a regular shape and have valves

Arteries are circular and have thicker walls of muscle