Heart - Pathologies Flashcards
Myocardial Ischemia
Cardiac Ischemia
blood flow to the heart is decreased
- coronary arteries
- partial or complete blockage
- reduces oxygen supply.
- damages muscle
- sudden severe block = heart attack
- can cause serious abnormal heart rhythms
Hypoxia
Anoxia
condition in which the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply
-whole = generalized
-region = tissue or regional
variations in arterial [O2]
-complete deprivation of oxygen supply
Infarct
tissue death
- necrosis
- caused by lack of oxygen
- obstruction of tissue’s blood supply
Angina Pectoris
angina = chest pain -due to ischemia of the heart muscle -obstruction or spasm of coronary arteries coronary artery disease -atherosclerosis
Patent ductus arteriosus PDA
congenital disorder in the heart -neonate's ductus arteriosus -fails to close after birth = patent -irregular transmission of blood aorta pulmonary artery -hypoxia -leads to SOB and eventually CHF
Interatrial Septal Defect
Defect can be partial
congenital heart defect -enables blood flow between two compartments of the heart -left and right atria INTERATRIAL SEPTUM -defective or absent Blood flows and mixes between R/L O2 rich w/ O2 poor -leads to lower than norm O2 levels atrial blood that supplies: brain, organs and tissue
Interventricular Septal Defect
defect in ventricular septum -inferior muscular -superior membranous near AV node most commonly affected surgical intervention most common congenital cardiac anomaly
Arrhythmia
aka:
cardiac dysrhythmia
irregular heartbeat
abnormal electrical activity of the heart -heartbeat fast = tachycardia slow = bradycardia regular irregular -not life threatening -can cause cardiac arrest -can occur in atria or ventricles
Heart Block
Disease in electrical system of the heart Sxs: -lightheadedness -syncope - fainting -palpitations Types: -SA nodal block -AV nodal block -Infra-Hisian block (bundle of His) -bundle branch blocks
AV block
-@AV node
Three types:
- first
- second
- third degree - complete heart block
Second Degree types:
- type I
- type II (below AV node)
Atrial flutter
An abnormal heart rhythm
occurs in the atria of the heart
-associated w/ tachycardia
rapid incomplete contractions, extremely fast
-atria
Atrial Fibrillation
most common arrhythmia no sxs. associated w: -palpations -fainting -chest pain -congestive heart failure CHF cause: idiopathic
Ventricular fibrillation?
uncoordinated contraction -cardiac mm of the ventricles -quiver rather than contract -most common arrhythmia in cardiac arrest patients result in sudden cardiac death -shock heart (defibrillate) correct SA node
Coronary Artery Disease
disease of the blood vessels of the heart
Cause:
-angina (pain)
-Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
What is a heart murmur?
abnormal sound of the heart sign of abnormal function of the heart valves Mitral valve regurgitation -bicuspid valve Cure -stent -angioplasty -bypass open surgery
List Heart Disorders:
Valve
-2 catagories
Valve
-Insufficiency/incompetence
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
-mitral valve regurgitation
-heart murmur (hsss, sound)
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
most prominent aortic valve closes improperly -not empty efficiently stenosis - narrowing at valvular opening cause = scar tissue, infection, congenital defect
Mitral Valve Regurgitation
-cusp prolapse
-back flow into atria
during ventricular systole
1 congenital defect
-valve shape
2 weakening of valve tissue
-extend chordon tendinae
3 endocarditis
4 rhamatic fever
5 Ca deposits - stiffening, change shape
Mitral
1 Stenosis
2 Regurgitation = insufficiency
3 Prolapse
S - narrowing
R - incompetent empty
P - regurgitation, back flow
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Stenosis and Insufficiency Physiological Implications?
Had a hard time finding this.
Basically SV - stroke volume decreases CO - cardiac output will decrease HR - heart rate will increase Heart will work harder and less oxygenated blood
Coronary Artery Disease
Arteriosclerosis - decrease in elasticity Artherosclerosis - damage to endothelium of vessels - roughing, buildup of LDL low density lipoprotein -plaques decrease blood supply, increase pressure -hypoxia -> infarct MI = death chronic systemic inflammation
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Congestive Heart Failure?
What is it and how does it occur?
decrease in CO heart unable to meet needs heart failure, tired and old fluid congestion - pulmonary edema hypertension increased BP galloping heart, cyanosis increased respiration 12-20 cycles/min -tachypnea -accessory breathing
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How does CHF occur?
1 coronary artery disease 2 heart attack blockage of coronary artery 3 cardiomyopathy damage to heart muscle -infection -alcohol and drug abuse 4 conditions that overwork the heart high BP, valve disease, thyroid disease diabetes, heart defects
Notes Repurfusion Damage (injury)
tissue damage caused when blood supply returns
-to tissue after a period of ischemia.
-restoration of circulation
inflammation
oxidative damage - reactive oxygen molecules
Notes:
Arrythmias
Bradycardia- slow, under 60 bpm Tachycardia - fast, above 100 bpm Fibrillation - rapid async. beats -ventricle big deal Flutter - rapid incomplete contractions -extremely fast -atria Palpitation - irregular heart beats, skip -peri menopausal -asynch. random, AV node
Notes
Heart Blocks
-three types
SA - AV node
1st - decrease conduction speed
low HR
PQ lengthened
2nd - SA - AV node diminished
auto-rhythmic fiber pathway
dropped QRS
two types
3rd - SA - AV no communication 80bpm A/ 40bpm V
Notes:
Two types of second Block?
Type One -occasional miss beat -not huge compromise Type Two -lots of missed QRS -concern -ectopic pacemaker
Notes
Differentiate Between Atrial Flutter and Fibrillation.
A Flutter:
hummingbird 240-360 bpm accomp w 2nd HBlock Cause: -random -congenital - bad luck -rheumatic fever -CAD - ischemic tissue
Notes:
Atrial Fibrillation
-asynchronous contraction
-atria shut down
Cause:
-MI
-thyroid storm
-Graves’ disease
hyperthyroidism
Ventricle Fibrillation
asynchronous, reverse rhythms die ventricles shut down defibrillate -rights SA node AICD -automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator
Notes:
Septal Defects:
Foramen ovale
-does not close
-at birth becomes fossa ovalis
neonatal heart
What is PDA?
Patent
Ductus
Arteriosus
congenital disorder neonates ductus arteriosus fails to close -after birth Ligamentum Arteriosum -allows pulmonary circuit to be bypassed
Problem
- high blood pressure
- cease to go into pulmonary circuit
Heart Murmur
heart sound first indication of valve problems -blood turbulence Cause: valvular leakage decreased valve flexibility valve mishap 2 types: valvular insufficiency valvular stenosis
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Valvular Insufficiency
-incompetence
Open Door
-valve leaks cusps do not close tight Cause - inflammation, disease, scarred -heart enlargement -regurgitation
Valvular Stenosis
Close Door
scarring of valves -rigid -partially fused Cannot open completely -narrowed -resistance of blood flow -decrease in CO -chamber dilates = hypertrophy Cause- rheumatic heart disease - strep throat infection
Aortic:
Stenosis
Regurgitation = insufficiency
Stenosis - narrowing
Insufficiency - leaky valve
Incompetency - poor contraction
Physiological implications of conditions -mitral valve stenosis insufficiency regurgitation
-aortic valve
stenosis
insufficiency
-Cardiac Output
-Heart Rate
-Stroke Volume
-Wall tension
preload
afterload
-oxygen delivery
