Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Study Guide Exam II - Christeen > Heart - Pathologies > Flashcards

Heart - Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

Myocardial Ischemia

Cardiac Ischemia

A

blood flow to the heart is decreased

  • coronary arteries
  • partial or complete blockage
  • reduces oxygen supply.
  • damages muscle
  • sudden severe block = heart attack
  • can cause serious abnormal heart rhythms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hypoxia

Anoxia

A

condition in which the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply
-whole = generalized
-region = tissue or regional
variations in arterial [O2]

-complete deprivation of oxygen supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Infarct

A

tissue death

  • necrosis
  • caused by lack of oxygen
  • obstruction of tissue’s blood supply
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Angina Pectoris

A 
angina = chest pain
-due to ischemia of the heart muscle
-obstruction or spasm of coronary arteries
coronary artery disease
-atherosclerosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus PDA

A 
congenital disorder in the heart
-neonate's ductus arteriosus
-fails to close after birth = patent
-irregular transmission of blood
aorta
pulmonary artery
-hypoxia
-leads to SOB and eventually CHF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Interatrial Septal Defect

Defect can be partial

A 
congenital heart defect
-enables blood flow 
between two compartments of the heart
-left and right atria
INTERATRIAL SEPTUM
-defective or absent
Blood flows and mixes between R/L
O2 rich w/ O2 poor
-leads to lower than norm O2 levels
atrial blood that supplies: brain, organs and tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Interventricular Septal Defect

A 
defect in ventricular septum 
-inferior muscular
-superior membranous
near AV node
most commonly affected
surgical intervention
most common congenital cardiac anomaly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Arrhythmia
aka:
cardiac dysrhythmia
irregular heartbeat

A 
abnormal electrical activity of the heart
-heartbeat 
fast = tachycardia
slow = bradycardia
regular 
irregular 
-not life threatening
-can cause cardiac arrest
-can occur in atria or ventricles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Heart Block

A 
Disease in electrical system of the heart
Sxs:
-lightheadedness
-syncope - fainting
-palpitations
Types:
-SA nodal block
-AV nodal block
-Infra-Hisian block (bundle of His)
-bundle branch blocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

AV block

-@AV node

A

Three types:

  • first
  • second
  • third degree - complete heart block

Second Degree types:

  • type I
  • type II (below AV node)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Atrial flutter

A

An abnormal heart rhythm
occurs in the atria of the heart
-associated w/ tachycardia

rapid incomplete contractions, extremely fast
-atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A 
most common arrhythmia
no sxs.
associated w:
-palpations
-fainting
-chest pain
-congestive heart failure CHF
cause:
idiopathic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ventricular fibrillation?

A 
uncoordinated contraction 
-cardiac mm of the ventricles
-quiver rather than contract
-most common arrhythmia in cardiac arrest patients
result in sudden cardiac death
-shock heart (defibrillate)
correct SA node
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A

disease of the blood vessels of the heart
Cause:
-angina (pain)
-Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A 
abnormal sound of the heart
sign of abnormal function of the heart valves 
Mitral valve regurgitation
-bicuspid valve
 Cure
-stent
-angioplasty
-bypass open surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List Heart Disorders:
Valve
-2 catagories

A

Valve
-Insufficiency/incompetence

Mitral Valve Insufficiency
-mitral valve regurgitation
-heart murmur (hsss, sound)
Aortic Valve Insufficiency

17
Q

Aortic Valve Insufficiency

A 
most prominent
aortic valve closes improperly
-not empty efficiently
stenosis - narrowing at valvular opening
cause = scar tissue, infection, congenital defect
18
Q

Mitral Valve Regurgitation

A

-cusp prolapse
-back flow into atria
during ventricular systole
1 congenital defect
-valve shape
2 weakening of valve tissue
-extend chordon tendinae
3 endocarditis
4 rhamatic fever
5 Ca deposits - stiffening, change shape

19
Q

Mitral
1 Stenosis
2 Regurgitation = insufficiency
3 Prolapse

A

S - narrowing
R - incompetent empty
P - regurgitation, back flow

20
Q

28-29

Stenosis and Insufficiency Physiological Implications?

Had a hard time finding this.

A 
Basically
SV - stroke volume decreases
CO - cardiac output will decrease
HR - heart rate will increase 
Heart will work harder and less oxygenated blood
21
Q

Coronary Artery Disease

A 
Arteriosclerosis
- decrease in elasticity
Artherosclerosis
- damage to endothelium of vessels
- roughing, buildup of LDL 
low density lipoprotein 
-plaques
decrease blood supply, increase pressure
-hypoxia -> infarct MI = death 
chronic systemic inflammation
22
Q

32
Congestive Heart Failure?
What is it and how does it occur?

A 
decrease in CO
heart unable to meet needs 
heart failure, tired and old
fluid congestion - pulmonary edema
hypertension increased BP
galloping heart, cyanosis
increased respiration 12-20 cycles/min
-tachypnea 
-accessory breathing
23
Q

32

How does CHF occur?

A 
1 coronary artery disease
2 heart attack
blockage of coronary artery
3 cardiomyopathy
damage to heart muscle 
-infection
-alcohol and drug abuse 
4 conditions that overwork the heart
high BP, valve disease, thyroid disease
diabetes, heart defects
24
Q 
Notes
Repurfusion Damage (injury)
A

tissue damage caused when blood supply returns
-to tissue after a period of ischemia.
-restoration of circulation
inflammation
oxidative damage - reactive oxygen molecules

25
Q

Notes:

Arrythmias

A 
Bradycardia- slow, under 60 bpm
Tachycardia - fast, above 100 bpm
Fibrillation - rapid async. beats 
-ventricle big deal
Flutter - rapid incomplete contractions
-extremely fast 
-atria
Palpitation - irregular heart beats, skip
-peri menopausal
-asynch. random, AV node
26
Q

Notes
Heart Blocks
-three types
SA - AV node

A

1st - decrease conduction speed
low HR
PQ lengthened

2nd - SA - AV node diminished
auto-rhythmic fiber pathway
dropped QRS
two types

3rd - SA - AV no communication 80bpm A/ 40bpm V

27
Q

Notes:

Two types of second Block?

A 
Type One
-occasional miss beat 
-not huge compromise
Type Two
-lots of missed QRS
-concern
-ectopic pacemaker
28
Q

Notes
Differentiate Between Atrial Flutter and Fibrillation.

A Flutter:

A 
hummingbird
240-360 bpm
accomp w 2nd HBlock
Cause:
-random
-congenital - bad luck
-rheumatic fever
-CAD - ischemic tissue
29
Q

Notes:

Atrial Fibrillation

A

-asynchronous contraction
-atria shut down
Cause:
-MI
-thyroid storm
-Graves’ disease
hyperthyroidism

30
Q

Ventricle Fibrillation

A 
asynchronous, reverse rhythms 
die 
ventricles shut down
defibrillate
-rights SA node
AICD
-automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator
31
Q

Notes:

Septal Defects:

A

Foramen ovale
-does not close
-at birth becomes fossa ovalis
neonatal heart

32
Q

What is PDA?

Patent
Ductus
Arteriosus

A 
congenital disorder
neonates ductus arteriosus fails to close 
-after birth
Ligamentum Arteriosum 
-allows pulmonary circuit to be bypassed

Problem

  • high blood pressure
  • cease to go into pulmonary circuit
33
Q

Heart Murmur

A 
heart sound
first indication of valve problems
-blood turbulence 
Cause:
valvular leakage
decreased valve flexibility
valve mishap
2 types:
valvular insufficiency
valvular stenosis
34
Q

28/29
Valvular Insufficiency
-incompetence

Open Door

A 
-valve leaks
cusps do not close tight
Cause - inflammation, disease, scarred
-heart enlargement
-regurgitation
35
Q

Valvular Stenosis

Close Door

A 
scarring of valves
-rigid
-partially fused
Cannot open completely
-narrowed
-resistance of blood flow
-decrease in CO
-chamber dilates = hypertrophy
Cause-
rheumatic heart disease - strep throat infection
36
Q

Aortic:
Stenosis
Regurgitation = insufficiency

A

Stenosis - narrowing
Insufficiency - leaky valve
Incompetency - poor contraction

37
Q 
Physiological implications of conditions
-mitral valve
stenosis
insufficiency
regurgitation

-aortic valve
stenosis
insufficiency

A

-Cardiac Output
-Heart Rate
-Stroke Volume
-Wall tension
preload
afterload
-oxygen delivery

Study Guide Exam II - Christeen (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions