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CV Quiz 2 > Heart failure Tx/Drugs (pt 2) > Flashcards

Heart failure Tx/Drugs (pt 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Direct effects of Digoxin

A 
a. Positive inotropic effect
– Due to a direct effect to increase the contractile state of  the myocardium
– Increases stroke volume
b. Increases vagal tone
– Slows heart rate
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2
Q

Do we see a change in AP when we give pt Digoxin?

A

NO change in AP but we do see increased Ca+ thus increasd force of contraction

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3
Q

Secondary affects of Digoxin

A

Decreased heart rate

  • Arterial and venous dilation
  • Decreased venous pressure
  • Normalized arterial baroreceptors
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4
Q

Molecular site of action of Digoxin

A

• Positive inotropic effect due to inhibition of the Na+,K+ ATPase
– results in increased intracellular [Na+] – decreasing driving force for Ca2+ extrusion by Na+/Ca2+exchanger
– indirectly results in increased intracellular concentration of Ca2+

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5
Q

WHy do we worry about hypokalemia in pts that take Digoxin?

A

• K+ competes for binding of digoxin to the Na+,K+-ATPase thus end up with low K+ levels

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6
Q

What electrophysiological actions does Digoxin have?

A

Electrophysiological actions:
• At therapeutic concentrations, mainly related to increased vagal nerve activity
– Reduced firing rate of SA node
– Decreased conduction velocity in AV node
– Heart block can develop

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7
Q

Main effect of Digoxin on ECG?

A

increased PR interval

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8
Q

Key pharmK of Digoxin
1/2life?
absorption and excreation?
when do we see best benefits for contractility vs neurohormonal

A

1/2 = 36 hrs
oral absorption with renal excreation
best cnx benefits at 1.4ng/ml and best neurohormonal at 0.8 ng/ml

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9
Q

What are the adverse effects/toxicity related to Digoxin

A

Low therapeutic index (~2)!!!!!
Affects all excitable tissues
a. GI tract (most common)- anorexia,, vomiting, diarrhea
b. Visual disturbances- Blurred vision, photophobia, color disturbances
c. Neurologic- disorientation, hallucinations
d. Muscular- muscle weakness, fatigue
e. Cardiac – arrhythmias (any type)

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10
Q

Toxicity with Digoxin is enhanced when pt is

A

hypokalemic.. may be related to diuretic use

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11
Q

What effect does Digoxin have on CHF progression?

A

debated.. some say helps, others say you only see benefit vs placebo when taking pts off because they were on a medince for long period of time, much like you would have withdrawl from other drugs

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12
Q

What effect does Digoxin have on overall mortality in CHF pts?

A

NONE!!! we see no overall benefit, also this drug has narrow tx window so it’s difficult to monitor.
Better to use in pts with atrial fib or if pts have severe heart fail and this helps reduce symptoms

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13
Q

clincial Uses of Digoxin

A

Use limited to heart failure patients with LV systolic
dysfunction in atrial fibrillation or in some cases to patients in sinus rhythm who remain symptomatic despite maximal therapy with other therapies
• If used, administer a low doses

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14
Q

dobutamine, dopamine are what type of drugs and when do we use them for heart fail pts?

A

b adrenergic agonists
– Used i.v. for temporary hemodynamic support for
acutely ill patients (acute decompensated heart
failure)

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15
Q

Milrinone is what type of drug and when do we administer to heart fail pts?

A

• Phopsphodiesterase inhibitors (
– Use limited to i.v. administration for acutely ill patients
– Positive inotrope and also produce vasodilation

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16
Q

Mainstay of heart failure management
• Reduce fluid volume and preload
• Reduction in heart size improves efficiency and reduces wall stress
• Reduce edema (and its symptoms)

A

Diuretics!

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17
Q

Diuretics reduce:

A

fluid volume and preload and edema

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18
Q

Furosemide is what type of dieuretic?

A

loop diuretic
Widely used – most heart failure patients require chronic
therapy with a loop diuretic to maintain euvolemia
– Promote K+loss - hypokalemia

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19
Q

Chlorothiazide is what type of diuretic?

A

Thiazide; Rarely used alone
– Combination therapy with loop diuretics in patients refractory to loop diuretics alone
– Promote K+loss - hypokalemia

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20
Q

Issue with loop diuretics and thiazides?

A

promote K loss–hypokalemia

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21
Q

Amiloride and Triamterene are what kind of diuretic?

A

K sparing diuretic

Weak diuretic activity but limited K+ and Mg2+ wasting

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22
Q

Benefit provided by VENOdialtors?

A

Increase venous capacitance and thereby decrease preload

23
Q

Benefit provided by arterial vasodialtors

A

Arterial vasodilator
– Reduce systemic vascular resistance
– Results in increased stroke volume
– hydralazine

24
Q

ACE inhibitors, ARBs, isorbide dinitrate/hydralizine are all examples of

A

balanced or mixed vasodialators: reduced atrial and venous

25
Q

The failing heart dt systolic heart fail is very sensitive to
changes in

A

afterload

26
Q

Potent arterial constrictor (afterload) that promotes Na and water retnetion through it’s effect on glomerular filtration and aldosterone secreation

A

Angiotensin II

27
Q

How does Ang II promote SNS activity

A

increasing neuronal and adrenal medullary catecholamine release

28
Q

What effect does Ang II have on heart muscle?

A
  • Arrhythmogenic

- Promotes myocardial hypertrophy and apoptosis

29
Q

Promotes Na and water retention and K+ secreation

A

Aldosterone

30
Q

What effect does Aldosterone have on the heart?

A

Stimulates fibrosis in the heart and

vasculature as well as Cardiac hypertrophy

31
Q

Captopil, lisinopril, enalapri are all:

A

Ace inhibitors

32
Q

What actions do Ace Inhibitors cause in heart fail pts?

effect on afterload and preload?

A

– Decrease systemic vascular resistance (afterload)
– Reduce left ventricular filling pressure (preload)
– Reduces Na+retention

33
Q

ACE inhibitors will _____ survival rate and ______ renal function

A

Found to increase survival rate
Can decrease renal function particularly in heart failure
patients

34
Q

_______particularly if you use ACE inhibitors with with aldosterone antagonist

A

Hyperkalemia may develop

35
Q

Losartan is an example of an:

A

Angiotensin Receptor1 Blockers or ARBs

36
Q

When would we prescribe Lorsartan?

A

• Actions in heart failure
– similar to ACE inhibitors
• Like ACE inhibitors, beneficial effect on survival
• Alternative for patients that cannot tolerate ACE
inhibitor therapy

37
Q

What effect does Isosorbide Dinitrate/Hydralazine

Combination have on preload and afterload?

A

– Decreases preload and afterload

– As a result, increases stroke volume

38
Q

Does Isosorbide Dinitrate/Hydralazine Combination effect overall survival in heart fail pts?

A

• Like ACE inhibitors, found to improve survival rate in clinical trials
– Particularly effective in the African American population

39
Q

When do we prescribe Isosorbide Dinitrate/Hydralazine Combination?

A
  • Used when ACE inhibitors or ARBs not tolerated

* Less development of tolerance with combination

40
Q

Provides mixed arterial and venous dilation

A

Isosorbide Dinitrate/Hydralazine Combination

41
Q

Spironolactone, eplerenone are what types of drugs?

A

Aldosterone antagonists

42
Q

What actions do we see from aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone and eplerenone) in heart fail pts?

A

– Reduce edema
– Decrease fibrosis in myocardium and vessels(counteracts some aspects of adverse remodeling)
• Improve mortality rate and reduce symptoms
– even in the presence of an ACE inhibitor

43
Q

Negative side effect of aldosterone antagonists?

A

• Hyperkalemia – necessary to monitor potassium levels

44
Q

What type of heart fail pts recieve aldosterone antagonists?

A

• Added with moderately severe to severe symptoms (NYHA III or IV) of heart failure

45
Q

Action of Beta blockers in heart fail patients:

A

– Decrease: arrhythmias, oxygen demand, blood pressure
– Prevent disease progression (remodeling)
– Inhibit cardiotoxic actions of catecholamines
– Reduce b1receptor down-regulation

46
Q

What type of improvements do we see when we put heart fail pts on B blockers?

A

Improves: Symptoms, ventricular function, mortality rate

47
Q

What do we need to be cautious of when prescribing B blockers to heart fail pts?

A

• Can initially worsen cardiac function
– must start at a low dose and gradually increased to a maximum tolerated dose
• Not all b blockers proven useful (genetic variability?)
– metoprolol (succinate; extended release form), carvedilol, and bisoprolol shown to provide benefit

48
Q

LCZ696 is a _____ and used in comb with:

A

– neprolysin inhibitor and combine with ARB (valsartan)

49
Q

a peptidase that degrades endogenous vasoactive peptides including bradykinin, ANPs, and others
– Inhibition increases levels of these substances countering the neurohormonal activation that contributes to
vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and maladaptive
remodeling

A

• Neprolysin

50
Q

Non drug therapies for heart fail

A 
Salt restriction
• Bi-ventricular pacing
• Implantable 
Cardiodefibrillator
Devices (ICD)
• Left ventricular assist 
device (LVAD)
• Heart transplant
51
Q

Treatment of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

A

Relief of pulmonary and systemic congestion
Address correctable causes of impaired diastolic function
Diuretics to reduce pulmonary congestion and peripheral edema

52
Q

In pts with heart fail with preserved EF what do we need to be careful of when administering diuretics

A

– Use cautiously to avoid under filling of LV

– Could reduce stroke volume

53
Q

ACE inhibitors, b blockers, ARBs in heart fail pts with preserved EF:

A

have no demonstrated mortality benefit

54
Q

Role of ionotropic drugs in heart fail with preserved EF

A

Because contractile function is preserved, inotropic drugs have no role in this condition

CV Quiz 2 (16 decks)

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