Heart failure patho

Question 1

Cardiomyopathy is a disease that effects _____

Answer 1

myocardium

Question 1

What is heart failure?

Answer 1

Chronic, progressive condition where the heart muscle is UNABLE TO PUMP enough blood to meet the BODYS NEEDS for blood and O2

Question 2

Heart failure results in: (4)

Answer 2

Decreased CO
Decreased myocardial contractility
Increased preload
Increased afterload

Question 3

Development of heart failure Patho: (4)

Answer 3

1. Volume overload
2. impaired ventricular filling (heart fills during diastole)
3. Weakened ventricular muscle
4. Decreased ventricular contractile function (heart contracts during systole)

Question 4

What is the major causes of heart failure?

Answer 4

-REPEATED ISCHEMIC EPISODES
-MI + papillary muscle rupture
-Chronic HTN
-COPD (Right ventricular failure)
-Dysrhythmias
-Valve disorders, mitral insufficiency, aortic stenosis
-Pulmonary embolus (RVF)

Question 5

Biggest Risk factor of HF

Answer 5

-HTN

Question 6

What is NOT a risk factor of HF?

Answer 6

Stable Angina
(only a risk factor for coronary artery disease & MIs)

Question 7

Where does blood back up in Right sided heart failure

Answer 7

Systemic circulation

Question 8

Where does the blood back up in left sided heart failure?

Answer 8

Pulmonary circulation

Question 9

Where is R-HF congested?

Answer 9

-Jugular vein
-Liver
-Lower extremities

Question 10

Where is L-HF congested?

Answer 10

Lungs
(Left = lungs)

Question 11

R-HF is often due to ____

Answer 11

COPD with cor pulmonale

Question 12

L-HF backflows into _____

Answer 12

pulmonary veins

Question 13

R-HF backflows into _____

Answer 13

Vena cava, decreased to lungs

Question 14

Findings of L-HF (4)

Answer 14

-Cough, crackles, wheezes
-Frothy sputum, may be blood tinged
-Paroxysmal nocturia dyspnea (PND)
-Orthopnea

Question 15

Finding of R-HF (4)

Answer 15

-Jugular vein distention
-Dependent Edema
-Wt gain
-Hepatosplenomegaly

Question 16

Define ejection fraction

Answer 16

Amount of blood pumped out of L ventricle w/ each squeeze

Question 17

What is the normal ejection fraction?

Answer 17

55-65%

Question 18

Reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) occurs when the pts ejection fraction is ____

Answer 18

<40%

Question 19

What causes Reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) ?

Answer 19

-Impaired contractile function
-Increased afterload
-Cardiomyopathy
-Mechanical problems

Question 20

In Reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), the __________ loses ability to generate pressure to eject blood

Answer 20

Left ventricle

Question 21

What is preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)

Answer 21

Inability of the ventricles to relax and fill during diastole

Question 22

What is the primary cause of preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)? and other risk factors

Answer 22

HTN
(Female, older, DM, obesity)

Question 23

What is the ejection fraction of someone with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)?

Answer 23

Normal or moderately decreased (40-59%)

Question 24

Gender/Age:
Preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) mainy effects _____ and Reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) mainy effects _____

Answer 24

-Older age, women

-Younger age, men

Question 25

Systolic/ Diastolic
Preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) weakens _____ and Reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) makes _____ bulky

Answer 25

diastolic

systolic

Question 26

Ventricular remodeling in HF causes changes that leads to

Answer 26

enlargement and dilation of the left ventricle

Question 27

S3 gallop in HF

Answer 27

-Low pitched heard after S2
-During rapid filling of the ventricle in the early part of diastole
-High ventricular end-diastolic volume
-Increased pressure within ventricles

Question 28

In adults older than _____ an S3 is abnormal and indicative of heart failure

Answer 28

40 years