Heart failure patho Flashcards
Cardiomyopathy is a disease that effects _____
myocardium
What is heart failure?
Chronic, progressive condition where the heart muscle is UNABLE TO PUMP enough blood to meet the BODYS NEEDS for blood and O2
Heart failure results in: (4)
Decreased CO
Decreased myocardial contractility
Increased preload
Increased afterload
Development of heart failure Patho: (4)
- Volume overload
- impaired ventricular filling (heart fills during diastole)
- Weakened ventricular muscle
- Decreased ventricular contractile function (heart contracts during systole)
What is the major causes of heart failure?
-REPEATED ISCHEMIC EPISODES
-MI + papillary muscle rupture
-Chronic HTN
-COPD (Right ventricular failure)
-Dysrhythmias
-Valve disorders, mitral insufficiency, aortic stenosis
-Pulmonary embolus (RVF)
Biggest Risk factor of HF
-HTN
What is NOT a risk factor of HF?
Stable Angina
(only a risk factor for coronary artery disease & MIs)
Where does blood back up in Right sided heart failure
Systemic circulation
Where does the blood back up in left sided heart failure?
Pulmonary circulation
Where is R-HF congested?
-Jugular vein
-Liver
-Lower extremities
Where is L-HF congested?
Lungs
(Left = lungs)
R-HF is often due to ____
COPD with cor pulmonale
L-HF backflows into _____
pulmonary veins
R-HF backflows into _____
Vena cava, decreased to lungs
Findings of L-HF (4)
-Cough, crackles, wheezes
-Frothy sputum, may be blood tinged
-Paroxysmal nocturia dyspnea (PND)
-Orthopnea
Finding of R-HF (4)
-Jugular vein distention
-Dependent Edema
-Wt gain
-Hepatosplenomegaly
Define ejection fraction
Amount of blood pumped out of L ventricle w/ each squeeze
What is the normal ejection fraction?
55-65%
Reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) occurs when the pts ejection fraction is ____
<40%
What causes Reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) ?
-Impaired contractile function
-Increased afterload
-Cardiomyopathy
-Mechanical problems
In Reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), the __________ loses ability to generate pressure to eject blood
Left ventricle
What is preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)
Inability of the ventricles to relax and fill during diastole
What is the primary cause of preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)? and other risk factors
HTN
(Female, older, DM, obesity)
What is the ejection fraction of someone with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)?
Normal or moderately decreased (40-59%)
Gender/Age:
Preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) mainy effects _____ and Reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) mainy effects _____
-Older age, women
-Younger age, men
Systolic/ Diastolic
Preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) weakens _____ and Reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) makes _____ bulky
diastolic
systolic
Ventricular remodeling in HF causes changes that leads to
enlargement and dilation of the left ventricle
S3 gallop in HF
-Low pitched heard after S2
-During rapid filling of the ventricle in the early part of diastole
-High ventricular end-diastolic volume
-Increased pressure within ventricles
In adults older than _____ an S3 is abnormal and indicative of heart failure
40 years
