E2 Visual & Sensory issues- Patho Flashcards
What is Cataracts?
-Cloudy lens
-Gradual onset of painless blurry vision
If cataracts are left untreated what could it end in?
Blindness
Risk factors of cataracts
-Older age
-Eye trauma
-Congenital risk (premature babies)
-Diabetes
-Corticosteroid use
-Smoking & ETOH consumption
Cataract clinical Manifestations
-Painless
-Uni or bilateral vision changes
-Blurry
-Halo around lights
-Altered color perception
-Glare issues at night
-Decreased accommodation
40% of patients with DM over the age of 40 have ______________
DM retinopathy
Non-proliferative retinopathy
-Aneurysm
-Hard exudate
-Hemorrhage
-Macular edema
Proliferative retinopathy
-Advanced retinopathy
-New blood vessels are fragile
What is Hypertensive retinopathy?
High blood pressure creates blockages in retinal blood vessels
Hypertensive retinopathy S/S
-Initially no vision changes
-Sustained, severe HTN –> sudden visual loss r/t swelling of optic disc & nerve
How is vision restored in hypertensive retinopathy?
Treat HTN
(No pharm treatment)
What is Detached retina?
-Retina has a tear or leak
-Vitreous humor flows behind the retina
-Rapid, progressive detachment from the choroid
-Spontaneous
Risk factors for detached retina
-People w/ myopia (nearsightedness)
-Over 40
-Trauma to the head (eye tumors or hx cataract surgery)
Clinical manifestations of detached retina
-Sudden, unilateral vision loss
-Painless
-May see floaters
-Flashes of light
*curtain coming coming down effect
Most common cause of irreversible vision loss in people over 60 on US
Age related macular degeneration
What are the two types of macular degeneration?
Dry (non-exudative)- most common 90%
Wet (exudative)- 10%
What happens in wet macular degeneration?
New blood vessels hemorrhage around the macular area
Risk factors of macular degeneration?
-Family hx
-Genetics
-UV light
-Hyperopia
-Smoking
-Light colored eyes
-Dark green leafy veggies protective?
Dry macular degeneration
Yellow deposits in the retinal pigment epithelium
Wet macular degeneration
Growth of new, leaky blood vessels in an abnormal location of the retina
Early clinical manifestations of macular degeneration
None
Late clinical manifestations of macular degeneration
-Blurred, darkened vision
-Blind spots (scotomas)
-Distorted vision (metamorphopsia)
Treatment of macular degeneration
Medications injected into the eye
What are the 2 types of glaucoma?
Open and closed angle
What is glaucoma?
Elevated intraocular pressure + vision changes OR optic nerve damage
-Chronic
-Bilateral eye involvement
Risk factors of open angle glaucoma
-Elevated IOP
-Older age
-African americans (3-4x higher risk)
-Family hx
-Myopia
-Diabetes
-HTN
-Migraines
In open angle, there is abnormal ______ ________
-Reduced drainage of aqueous humor into canal of schlemm
-Imbalances btwn inflow & outflow
trabecular meshwork
Open angle results in _______ and _______
Increased IOP & vision problems
Open angle clinical manifestations
-None usually (until BAD)
-Progressive loss of sight
-Vague eye pain
-Halos around lights
-Tunnel vision
In Closed angle glaucoma, there is an abnormal angle between _____ and ____
iris & later cornea
In closed angle, outflow is blocked when the pupil is _____
dilated
Risk factors of closed angle
-Asian american
-Females
-Hyperopia
-Family hx
-Older age
Acute angle-closure glaucoma is an ___________ because _____
EMERGENCY
-sudden complete block of aqueous humor
What trigger acute episode of closed glaucoma?
Anticholinergic drugs
Clinical manifestations of closed angle
-Typically unilateral
-Severe eye pain
-N/V
-Blurry vision /halos
-Reddened eyes
-Dilated pupils: nonreactive to light
-Cloudy cornea
Glaucoma & blindness
-Due to increased IOP
-More pressure on inner eye structures
-Decreased blood flow to optic nerve
-Nerve fiber death
What is Meniere disease?
-Endolymphatic hydrops
-Episodic disorder of middle ear
Does meniere disease effect one or both ears?
unilateral or bilateral
The excessive endolymph and pressures in the membranes disrupts _______ and _______ function
vestibular (balance) and hearing
Clinicial manifestations of meniere disease
-Recurring episods of vertigo (w/ N/V)
-Hearing loss
-Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
-Feeling of fullness
Treatment of meniere disease?
Symptomatic
-May need diet changes
-triggered by caffeine, alcohol, stress, MSG, allergies, high salt
-Salt restriction
-Give drugs that help w/ dizziness
