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Fall Block 1 Medsurg/Patho > E2 Visual & Sensory issues- Patho > Flashcards

E2 Visual & Sensory issues- Patho Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cataracts?

A

-Cloudy lens
-Gradual onset of painless blurry vision

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2
Q

If cataracts are left untreated what could it end in?

A

Blindness

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3
Q

Risk factors of cataracts

A

-Older age
-Eye trauma
-Congenital risk (premature babies)
-Diabetes
-Corticosteroid use
-Smoking & ETOH consumption

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4
Q

Cataract clinical Manifestations

A

-Painless
-Uni or bilateral vision changes
-Blurry
-Halo around lights
-Altered color perception
-Glare issues at night
-Decreased accommodation

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5
Q

40% of patients with DM over the age of 40 have ______________

A

DM retinopathy

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6
Q

Non-proliferative retinopathy

A

-Aneurysm
-Hard exudate
-Hemorrhage
-Macular edema

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7
Q

Proliferative retinopathy

A

-Advanced retinopathy
-New blood vessels are fragile

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8
Q

What is Hypertensive retinopathy?

A

High blood pressure creates blockages in retinal blood vessels

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9
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy S/S

A

-Initially no vision changes
-Sustained, severe HTN –> sudden visual loss r/t swelling of optic disc & nerve

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10
Q

How is vision restored in hypertensive retinopathy?

A

Treat HTN
(No pharm treatment)

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11
Q

What is Detached retina?

A

-Retina has a tear or leak
-Vitreous humor flows behind the retina
-Rapid, progressive detachment from the choroid
-Spontaneous

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12
Q

Risk factors for detached retina

A

-People w/ myopia (nearsightedness)
-Over 40
-Trauma to the head (eye tumors or hx cataract surgery)

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13
Q

Clinical manifestations of detached retina

A

-Sudden, unilateral vision loss
-Painless
-May see floaters
-Flashes of light
*curtain coming coming down effect

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14
Q

Most common cause of irreversible vision loss in people over 60 on US

A

Age related macular degeneration

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15
Q

What are the two types of macular degeneration?

A

Dry (non-exudative)- most common 90%

Wet (exudative)- 10%

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16
Q

What happens in wet macular degeneration?

A

New blood vessels hemorrhage around the macular area

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17
Q

Risk factors of macular degeneration?

A

-Family hx
-Genetics
-UV light
-Hyperopia
-Smoking
-Light colored eyes
-Dark green leafy veggies protective?

18
Q

Dry macular degeneration

A

Yellow deposits in the retinal pigment epithelium

19
Q

Wet macular degeneration

A

Growth of new, leaky blood vessels in an abnormal location of the retina

20
Q

Early clinical manifestations of macular degeneration

A

None

21
Q

Late clinical manifestations of macular degeneration

A

-Blurred, darkened vision
-Blind spots (scotomas)
-Distorted vision (metamorphopsia)

22
Q

Treatment of macular degeneration

A

Medications injected into the eye

23
Q

What are the 2 types of glaucoma?

A

Open and closed angle

24
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Elevated intraocular pressure + vision changes OR optic nerve damage
-Chronic
-Bilateral eye involvement

25
Q

Risk factors of open angle glaucoma

A

-Elevated IOP
-Older age
-African americans (3-4x higher risk)
-Family hx
-Myopia
-Diabetes
-HTN
-Migraines

26
Q

In open angle, there is abnormal ______ ________
-Reduced drainage of aqueous humor into canal of schlemm
-Imbalances btwn inflow & outflow

A

trabecular meshwork

27
Q

Open angle results in _______ and _______

A

Increased IOP & vision problems

28
Q

Open angle clinical manifestations

A

-None usually (until BAD)
-Progressive loss of sight
-Vague eye pain
-Halos around lights
-Tunnel vision

29
Q

In Closed angle glaucoma, there is an abnormal angle between _____ and ____

A

iris & later cornea

30
Q

In closed angle, outflow is blocked when the pupil is _____

A

dilated

31
Q

Risk factors of closed angle

A

-Asian american
-Females
-Hyperopia
-Family hx
-Older age

32
Q

Acute angle-closure glaucoma is an ___________ because _____

A

EMERGENCY
-sudden complete block of aqueous humor

33
Q

What trigger acute episode of closed glaucoma?

A

Anticholinergic drugs

34
Q

Clinical manifestations of closed angle

A

-Typically unilateral
-Severe eye pain
-N/V
-Blurry vision /halos
-Reddened eyes
-Dilated pupils: nonreactive to light
-Cloudy cornea

35
Q

Glaucoma & blindness

A

-Due to increased IOP
-More pressure on inner eye structures
-Decreased blood flow to optic nerve
-Nerve fiber death

36
Q

What is Meniere disease?

A

-Endolymphatic hydrops
-Episodic disorder of middle ear

37
Q

Does meniere disease effect one or both ears?

A

unilateral or bilateral

38
Q

The excessive endolymph and pressures in the membranes disrupts _______ and _______ function

A

vestibular (balance) and hearing

39
Q

Clinicial manifestations of meniere disease

A

-Recurring episods of vertigo (w/ N/V)
-Hearing loss
-Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
-Feeling of fullness

40
Q

Treatment of meniere disease?

A

Symptomatic
-May need diet changes
-triggered by caffeine, alcohol, stress, MSG, allergies, high salt
-Salt restriction
-Give drugs that help w/ dizziness

Fall Block 1 Medsurg/Patho (7 decks)

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