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Cardiology > Heart Failure > Flashcards

Heart Failure Flashcards

1
Q

An inability to provide adequate cardiac output to support the needs of tissues is known as…

A

Heart Failure.

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2
Q

What are the three types of heart failure?

A

Right heart failure. Left heart failure. Congestive heart failure.

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3
Q

What pressure builds up to cause the blood to back up on the right side of the heart, resulting in right heart failure?

A

Central venous pressure.

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4
Q

If the blood isn’t pumped out by the left ventricle, which blood vessel increases in pressure?

A

Pulmonary venous pressure.

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5
Q

Are the lungs a low or high pressure system?

A

Low.

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6
Q

An elevated pulmonary venous pressure backs up blood though the lungs, to which vessel?

A

Pulmonary artery.

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7
Q

When both the right and left side of the heart failure, it’s known as…

A

Congestive heart failure.

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8
Q

Normally failure of the left ventricle results in failure of the right ventricle. This because the right ventricle has to pump against which high blood vessel pressure?

A

A high pulmonary artery pressure.

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9
Q

Give two of the three causes of heart failure.

A

Pressure overload. Volume overload. Contractile dysfunction.

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10
Q

Pressure x Radius / 2 x wall thickness, is equal to…

A

Wall stress (muscular effort heart must do).

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11
Q

Pressure = 2 x Stress x Wall thickness / Radius, is the Law of…

A

Laplace.

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12
Q

When there is a pressure overload, the heart wall thickens. This can lead to…

A

Concentric hypertrophy.

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13
Q

When there is a pressure overload, it results in vessel dilatation (increase radius). What effect does an increase in radius have on the heart?

A

Increases wall stress.

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14
Q

Volume overload increases dilatation, to increase what?

A

Heart wall stress, and muscular effort.

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15
Q

Ischaemia heart disease, pregnancy and congenital cardiomyopathies can all cause…

A

Contractile dysfunction.

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16
Q

How is contractile dysfunction compensated for?

A

Concentric hypertrophy.

17
Q

Increases in wall stress can lead to apoptosis, physiological hypertrophy, concentric hypertrophy (flatter cells) and …

A

Eccentric hypertrophy (elongated cells).

18
Q

Name two mechanisms to compensate for heart failure.

A

Baro-receptor reflex. Renin-angiotensin system.

19
Q

What is responsible for vasoconstriction, increasing blood pressure and causes the release of aldosterone.

A

Angiotensin II.

20
Q

What hormone is responsible for salt and water retention to help maintain blood pressure and renal perfusion?

A

Aldosterone.

21
Q

What is stimulated by the CVP to cause the atria to stretch, inhibit aldosterone and increase vasodilation?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).

22
Q

Consequences to heart failure include: cardiac changes, capillary filtration and what else?

A

Pulmonary congestion.

23
Q

Why is a hypertrophied heart dangerous?

A

It consumes more oxygen and reduces the coronary vascular reserve for an oxygen imbalance.

24
Q

Collagen deposition, ischaemia and fibrosis can reduce a hearts contractility! What could cause it in the first place?

A

Hypertrophied heart.

25
Q

What effect can left heart failure have on the lung?

A

Pulmonary oedema.

26
Q

Why can left heart failure result in pulmonary oedema?

A

The hydrostatic pressure > colloidal pressure throughout the blood vessel (at both the arterial and venous end). Therefore, fluid doesn’t leave the arterial end into the lung parenchyma and return into the venous end (which is at an increased pressure). Instead, fluid entering the lung parenchyma builds up.

27
Q

Why do patients with pulmonary oedema find it difficult to breathe?

A

Fluid in the air spaces/reduced gas exchange surface area.

28
Q

Fluid accumulation in the intestitium and pleural spaces is known as…

A

Pleural Effusion.

29
Q

What is the effect of pleural effusion?

A

Lungs become stiffer. Difficult to breathe.

30
Q

Swelling or congestion in the legs, ankles and swelling within the abdomen such as the GI tract and liver (causing ascites), is as a result of left or right heart failure?

A

Right.

31
Q

Pulmonary oedema is a result of left or right heart failure?

A

Left.

32
Q

What is Ascites?

A

Ascites refers to abnormal accumulation fluid in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity. The most common cause of ascites is cirrhosis of the liver.

Cardiology (8 decks)

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