Heart Failure

Question 1

Normal Range for Cardiac Output

Answer 1

4-6 Liters per minute

Question 2

Normal Heart Rate
(+) chronotropic
(-)chronotropic decrease HR (<60)

Answer 2

HR: 60-100 bpm
Increase HR (>100)
Decrease HR (<60)

Question 3

(+) Chronotropic factors

Answer 3

SNS stimulation, “fight/flight”

Hypercapnea

Hypocalcemia

Drugs-atropine

Question 4

(-) Chronotropic factors

Answer 4

PNS-acetylcholine

Hypoxia

Hypercalemia

Drugs-beta blockers